Darwin

(INVARIANT, SEMI-INVARIANT, VARIANT)

1.

185918601861186618691872
– – – Causes of Variability. Causes of Variability. Causes of Variability.
WHEN we WHEN we WHEN we WHEN we WHEN we WHEN we
look to look to look to look to compare compare
the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us is, that they generally differ the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us is, that they generally differ
much – – – from each other –
more more more more more more
from each other, from each other from each other from each other – from each other
than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature.
When When When When And if And if
we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment,
I think I think I think I think – –
we are driven to conclude that this we are driven to conclude that this we are driven to conclude that this we are driven to conclude that this we are driven to conclude that this we are driven to conclude that this
greater great great great great great
variability is variability is variability is variability is variability is variability is
simply simply simply simply – –
due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent-species due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent-species due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent-species due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent-species due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent-species due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent-species
have have have have had had
been exposed under nature. There is, also, been exposed under nature. There is also, been exposed under nature. There is also, been exposed under nature. There is also, been exposed under nature. There is also, been exposed under nature. There is, also,
I think, I think, I think, I think, I think, –
some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems
pretty pretty pretty pretty – –
clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to
the new conditions of life the new conditions of life the new conditions of life the new conditions of life new conditions new conditions
to cause any to cause any to cause any to cause any to cause any to cause any
appreciable appreciable appreciable appreciable appreciable great
amount of variation; and that when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally amount of variation; and that when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally amount of variation; and that when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally amount of variation; and that, when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally amount of variation; and that, when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally amount of variation; and that, when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally
continues continues continues continues con- tinues continues
to vary to vary to vary to vary varying varying
for many generations. No case is on record of a variable for many generations. No case is on record of a variable for many generations. No case is on record of a variable for many generations. No case is on record of a variable for many generations. No case is on record of a variable for many generations. No case is on record of a variable
being being being being organism organism
ceasing to ceasing to ceasing to ceasing to ceasing to ceasing to
be variable be variable be variable be variable vary vary
under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still
often often often often – –
yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification. yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification. yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification. yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification. yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification. yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification.

2.

18691872
As far as I am able to judge, after long attending to the subject, the conditions of life appear to act in two ways, — directly on the whole organisation or on certain parts alone, and As far as I am able to judge, after long attending to the subject, the conditions of life appear to act in two ways, — directly on the whole organisation or on certain parts alone, and
indirectly in directly
by affecting the reproductive system. With respect to the direct action, we must bear in mind that in every case, as Professor Weismann has lately insisted, and as I have incidentally shown in my work on 'Variation under Domestication,' there are two factors: namely, the nature of the organism, and the nature of the conditions. The former seems to be much the more important; for nearly similar variations sometimes arise under, as far as we can judge, dissimilar conditions; and, on the other hand, dissimilar variations by affecting the reproductive system. With respect to the direct action, we must bear in mind that in every case, as Professor Weismann has lately insisted, and as I have incidentally shown in my work on 'Variation under Domestication,' there are two factors: namely, the nature of the organism, and the nature of the conditions. The former seems to be much the more important; for nearly similar variations sometimes arise under, as far as we can judge, dissimilar conditions; and, on the other hand, dissimilar variations
– arise
under conditions which appear to be nearly uniform. The effects on the offspring are either definite or under conditions which appear to be nearly uniform. The effects on the offspring are either definite or
indefinite. in definite.
They may be considered as definite when all or nearly all the offspring of individuals exposed to certain conditions during several generations are modified in the same manner. It is extremely difficult to come to any conclusion in regard to the extent of the changes which have been thus definitely induced. There can, however, be little doubt about many slight changes, — such as size from the amount of food, colour from the nature of the food, thickness of the skin and hair from climate, &C. Each of the endless variations which we see in the plumage of our fowls must have had some efficient cause; and if the same cause were to act uniformly during a long series of generations on many individuals, all probably would be modified in the same manner. Such facts as the complex and extraordinary out-growths which invariably follow from the insertion of a minute drop of poison by a gall-producing insect, show us what singular modifications might result in the case of plants from a chemical change in the nature of the sap. They may be considered as definite when all or nearly all the offspring of individuals exposed to certain conditions during several generations are modified in the same manner. It is extremely difficult to come to any conclusion in regard to the extent of the changes which have been thus definitely induced. There can, however, be little doubt about many slight changes, — such as size from the amount of food, colour from the nature of the food, thickness of the skin and hair from climate, &C. Each of the endless variations which we see in the plumage of our fowls must have had some efficient cause; and if the same cause were to act uniformly during a long series of generations on many individuals, all probably would be modified in the same manner. Such facts as the complex and extraordinary out-growths which invariably follow from the insertion of a minute drop of poison by a gall-producing insect, show us what singular modifications might result in the case of plants from a chemical change in the nature of the sap.

3.

18691872
Indefinite variability is a much more common result of changed conditions than definite variability, and has probably played a more important part in the formation of our domestic races. We see indefinite variability in the endless slight peculiarities which distinguish the individuals of the same species, and which cannot be accounted for by inheritance from either parent or from some more remote ancestor. Even strongly-marked differences occasionally appear in the young of the same litter, and in seedlings from the same Indefinite variability is a much more common result of changed conditions than definite variability, and has probably played a more important part in the formation of our domestic races. We see indefinite variability in the endless slight peculiarities which distinguish the individuals of the same species, and which cannot be accounted for by inheritance from either parent or from some more remote ancestor. Even strongly-marked differences occasionally appear in the young of the same litter, and in seedlings from the same
seed-capsules. seed-capsule.
At long intervals of time, out of millions of individuals reared in the same country and fed on nearly the same food, deviations of structure so strongly pronounced as to deserve to be called monstrosities arise; but monstrosities cannot be separated by any distinct line from slighter variations. All such changes of structure, whether extremely slight or strongly marked, which appear amongst many individuals living together, may be considered as the indefinite effects of the conditions of life on each individual organism, in nearly the same manner as a chill affects different men in an indefinite manner, according to their state of body or constitution, causing coughs or colds, rheumatism, or inflammations of various organs. At long intervals of time, out of millions of individuals reared in the same country and fed on nearly the same food, deviations of structure so strongly pronounced as to deserve to be called monstrosities arise; but monstrosities cannot be separated by any distinct line from slighter variations. All such changes of structure, whether extremely slight or strongly marked, which appear amongst many individuals living together, may be considered as the indefinite effects of the conditions of life on each individual organism, in nearly the same manner as a chill affects different men in an indefinite manner, according to their state of body or constitution, causing coughs or colds, rheumatism, or inflammations of various organs.

4.

185918601861186618691872
It has been disputed at It has been disputed at It has been disputed at It has been disputed at With respect to With respect to
what what what what what what
period of life the causes of variability, whatever they may be, generally act; whether during the early or late period of development of the embryo, or at the instant of conception. Geoffroy St. Hilaire's experiments show that unnatural treatment of the embryo causes monstrosities; and monstrosities cannot be separated by any clear line of distinction from mere variations. But I am strongly inclined to suspect that the most frequent cause of variability may be attributed to the male and female reproductive elements having been affected prior to the act of conception. Several reasons make me believe in this; but the chief one is the remarkable effect which confinement or cultivation has on the period of life the causes of variability, whatever they may be, generally act; whether during the early or late period of development of the embryo, or at the instant of conception. Geoffroy St. Hilaire's experiments show that unnatural treatment of the embryo causes monstrosities; and monstrosities cannot be separated by any clear line of distinction from mere variations. But I am strongly inclined to suspect that the most frequent cause of variability may be attributed to the male and female reproductive elements having been affected prior to the act of conception. Several reasons make me believe in this; but the chief one is the remarkable effect which confinement or cultivation has on the period of life the causes of variability, whatever they may be, generally act; whether during the early or late period of development of the embryo, or at the instant of conception. Geoffroy St. Hilaire's experiments show that unnatural treatment of the embryo causes monstrosities; and monstrosities cannot be separated by any clear line of distinction from mere variations. But I am strongly inclined to suspect that the most frequent cause of variability may be attributed to the male and female reproductive elements having been affected prior to the act of conception. Several reasons make me believe in this; but the chief one is the remarkable effect which confinement or cultivation has on the period of life the causes of variability, whatever they may be, generally act; whether during the early or late period of development of the embryo, or at the instant of conception. Geoffroy St. Hilaire's experiments show that unnatural treatment of the embryo causes monstrosities; and monstrosities cannot be separated by any clear line of distinction from mere variations. But I am strongly inclined to suspect that the most frequent cause of variability may be attributed to the male and female reproductive elements having been affected prior to the act of conception. Several reasons make me believe in this; but the chief one is the remarkable effect which confinement or cultivation has on the I have called the I have called the
functions function function function indirect in direct
of the reproductive system; this system appearing to be far more of the reproductive system; this system appearing to be far more of the reproductive system: this system appearing to be far more of the reproductive system: this system appearing to be far more action of changed conditions, namely, through the reproductive system being affected, we may infer that variability is thus induced, partly from the fact of this system being extremely sensitive to any change in the conditions, and partly from the similarity, as Kölreuter and others have remarked, between the variability which follows from the crossing of distinct species, and that which may be observed with action of changed conditions, namely, through the reproductive system being affected, we may infer that variability is thus induced, partly from the fact of this system being extremely sensitive to any change in the conditions, and partly from the similarity, as Kölreuter and others have remarked, between the variability which follows from the crossing of distinct species, and that which may be observed with
– – – – all –
– – – – plants and animals when reared under new or unnatural conditions. Many facts clearly show how eminently plants and animals when reared under new or unnatural conditions. Many facts clearly show how eminently
susceptible susceptible susceptible susceptible susceptible susceptible
than any other part of the organisation, to the action of any change in the conditions of life. than any other part of the organisation, to the action of any change in the conditions of life. than any other part of the organisation, to the action of any change in the conditions of life. than any other part of the organisation, to the action of any change in the conditions of life. the reproductive system is to very slight changes in the surrounding conditions. the reproductive system is to very slight changes in the surrounding conditions.
Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even
in the many cases in the many cases in the many cases in the many cases – –
when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though
living long under not very close confinement living long under not very close confinement living long under not very close confinement living long under not very close confinement kept in an almost free state kept in an almost free state
in their native country! This is generally in their native country! This is generally in their native country! This is generally in their native country! This is generally in their native country! This is generally, in their native country! This is generally,
– – – – but erroneously, but erroneously,
attributed to vitiated instincts; attributed to vitiated instincts; attributed to vitiated instincts; attributed to vitiated instincts; attributed to vitiated instincts. attributed to vitiated instincts.
but how but how but how but how – –
many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few Many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few Many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few
such such such such – –
cases it has been cases it has been cases it has been cases it has been cases it has been cases it has been
found out discovered discovered discovered discovered discovered
that that that that that that
– – – – a a
very trifling very trifling very trifling very trifling very trifling very trifling
changes, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not the plant sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the copious details which I have collected on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family; changes, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not the plant sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the copious details which I have collected on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family; changes, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not the plant sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the copious details which I have collected on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family, changes, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not the plant sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the copious details which I have collected on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family, change, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not a plant will produce seeds. I cannot here give the details which I have collected and elsewhere published on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family, which seldom produce young; whereas carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly, change, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not a plant will produce seeds. I cannot here give the details which I have collected and elsewhere published on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family, which seldom produce young; whereas carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly,
– – which seldom produce young; which seldom produce young; yet –
whereas, carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same exact condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly, yet breeding quite freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature, perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail in acting, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting not quite regularly, and producing offspring not perfectly like their parents whereas carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same exact condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly, yet breeding quite freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature, perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail in acting, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting not quite regularly, and producing offspring not perfectly like their parents. whereas carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same exact condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly, yet breeding quite freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature, perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail in acting, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting not quite regularly, and producing offspring not perfectly like their parents. whereas carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same exact condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly, yet breeding quite freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature, perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail in acting, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting not quite regularly, and producing offspring not perfectly like their parents. breeding freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature, perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail to act, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting irregularly, and producing offspring somewhat unlike their parents. I may add, that as some organisms breed freely under the most unnatural conditions (for instance, rabbits and ferrets kept in hutches), showing that their reproductive organs are not breeding freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature perfectly tamed, long-lived and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail to act, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting irregularly, and producing offspring somewhat unlike their parents. I may add, that as some organisms breed freely under the most unnatural conditions (for instance, rabbits and ferrets kept in hutches), showing that their reproductive organs are not
or variable. – – – – easily
– – – – affected; so will some animals and plants withstand domestication or cultivation, and vary very slightly — perhaps hardly more than in a state of nature. affected; so will some animals and plants withstand domestication or cultivation, and vary very slightly — perhaps hardly more than in a state of nature.

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18691872
Some naturalists have maintained that all variations are connected with the act of sexual reproduction; but this is certainly an error; for I have given in another work a long list of "sporting plants," as they are called by gardeners; — that is, of plants which have suddenly produced a single bud with a new and sometimes widely different character from that of the other buds on the same plant. These Some naturalists have maintained that all variations are connected with the act of sexual reproduction; but this is certainly an error; for I have given in another work a long list of "sporting plants;" as they are called by gardeners; — that is, of plants which have suddenly produced a single bud with a new and sometimes widely different character from that of the other buds on the same plant. These
bud-variations, bud variations,
as they may be named, can be propagated by grafts, offsets, &c., and sometimes by seed. They occur rarely under nature, but as they may be named, can be propagated by grafts, offsets, &c., and sometimes by seed. They occur rarely under nature, but
– are
far from far from
rarely rare
under culture. As a single bud out of under culture. As a single bud out of
the –
many thousands produced year after year many thousands, produced year after year
– on the same tree
under uniform conditions under uniform conditions,
on the same tree, –
has been known suddenly to assume a new character; and as buds on distinct trees, growing under different conditions, have sometimes yielded nearly the same variety — for instance, buds on peach-trees producing nectarines, and buds on common roses producing moss-roses — we clearly see that the nature of the conditions is of has been known suddenly to assume a new character; and as buds on distinct trees, growing under different conditions, have sometimes yielded nearly the same variety — for instance, buds on peach-trees producing nectarines, and buds on common roses producing moss-roses — we clearly see that the nature of the conditions is of
quite –
subordinate importance in comparison with the nature of the organism in determining each particular form of variation; — subordinate importance in comparison with the nature of the organism in determining each particular form of variation; —
– perhaps
of not more importance than the nature of the spark by which a mass of of not more importance than the nature of the spark, by which a mass of
com- bustible combustible
matter is ignited, has in determining the nature of the flames. matter is ignited, has in determining the nature of the flames.
Effects of Habit; Correlated Variation; Inheritance. –

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– – – Effects of Habit; – Effects of Habit
– – – Correlation – and of the Use or Disuse
– – – of – of
– – – Growth; – Parts; Correlated Variation;
– – – Inheritance. – Inheritance.
Habit also has Habit also has Habit also has Habit also has – Changed
– – – – Habits habits
– – – – are inherited and have produce an inherited effect, as in the period of the flowering of plants when transported from one climate to another. With animals the increased use or disuse of parts has had a more marked
a decided a decided a decided a decided a decided –
influence, influence, influence, influence, influence; influence;
as in the period of as in the period of as in the period of as in the period of as in the period of thus
– – – – the –
flowering flowering flowering flowering flowering –
with with with with of –
plants when transported from one climate to another. In animals plants when transported from one climate to another. In animals plants when transported from one climate to another. In animals plants when transported from one climate to another. In animals plants when transported from one climate to another. In animals –
it has it has it has it has they have –
a more marked effect; for instance, a more marked effect; for instance, a more marked effect; for instance, a more marked effect; for instance, a more marked effect; for instance, –
I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the
wild-duck; and wild-duck; and wild-duck; and wild-duck; and wild-duck; and wild duck; and
I presume that I presume that I presume that I presume that – –
this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild
parent. parent. parent. parent. parents. parents.
The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with
the state of the state of the state of the state of the state of –
these organs in other countries, is these organs in other countries, is these organs in other countries, is these organs in other countries, is these organs in other countries, is these organs in other countries, is
– – – probably probably probably
another instance of the another instance of the another instance of the another instance of the another instance of the another instance of the
effect effect effect effects effects effects of use. Not
of use. Not of use. Not of use. Not of use. Not of use. Not –
a single domestic animal a single domestic animal a single domestic animal a single domestic animal one of our domestic animals one of our domestic animals
can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view
– – – which has been which has been which has been
suggested suggested suggested suggested suggested suggested
by some authors, by some authors, by some authors, – – –
that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals
not not not – – –
being being being being being being
much much much seldom seldom seldom
– – – – – much
alarmed alarmed alarmed alarmed alarmed alarmed,
by danger, by danger, by danger, by danger, by danger, –
seems probable. seems probable. seems probable. seems probable. seems probable. seems probable.

7.

185918601861186618691872
There are There are There are There are – –
many laws many laws many laws many laws Many laws Many laws
regulating regulating regulating regulating regulate regulate
variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will
be be be be – –
hereafter hereafter hereafter hereafter hereafter hereafter
– – – – be be
briefly briefly briefly briefly briefly briefly
mentioned. mentioned. mentioned. mentioned. discussed. discussed.
I will here only allude to what may be called I will here only allude to what may be called I will here only allude to what may be called I will here only allude to what may be called I will here only allude to what may be called I will here only allude to what may be called
correlation of growth. Any change correlation of growth. Any change correlation of growth. Any change correlation of growth. Any change correlated variation. Important changes correlated variation. Important changes
in the embryo or larva will in the embryo or larva will in the embryo or larva will in the embryo or larva will in the embryo or larva will in the embryo or larva will
almost certainly almost certainly almost certainly probably probably probably
entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical: thus cats entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical: thus cats entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical: thus cats entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical: thus cats entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical: thus cats entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical; thus cats
with with with which are entirely white and have which are entirely white and have which are entirely white and have
blue eyes are blue eyes are blue eyes are blue eyes are blue eyes are blue eyes are
invariably invariably generally generally generally generally
deaf; deaf; deaf. deaf. deaf. deaf;
– – – – – but it has been lately stated by Mr. Tait that this is confined to the males.
colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From Colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From Colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From Colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From Colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From
the the the – – –
facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are
differently affected from coloured individuals by certain vegetable poisons. differently affected from coloured individuals by certain vegetable poisons. differently affected from coloured individuals by certain vegetable poisons: injured by certain plants, whilst dark-coloured individuals escape: injured by certain plants, whilst dark-coloured individuals escape: injured by certain plants, whilst dark-coloured individuals escape:
– – Professor Wyman has recently communicated to me a good illustration of this fact; on asking some farmers in Professor Wyman has recently communicated to me a good illustration of this fact; on asking some farmers in Professor Wyman has recently communicated to me a good illustration of this fact; on asking some farmers in Professor Wyman has recently communicated to me a good illustration of this fact; on asking some farmers in
– – Florida Florida Florida Virginia
– – how it was that all their pigs were black, they informed him that the pigs ate the paint-root (Lachnanthes), which coloured their bones pink, and which caused the hoofs of all but the black varieties to drop off; and one of the "crackers" ( how it was that all their pigs were black, they informed him that the pigs ate the paint-root (Lachnanthes), which coloured their bones pink, and which caused the hoofs of all but the black varieties to drop off; and one of the "crackers" ( how it was that all their pigs were black, they informed him that the pigs ate the paint-root (Lachnanthes), which coloured their bones pink, and which caused the hoofs of all but the black varieties to drop off; and one of the "crackers" ( how it was that all their pigs were black, they informed him that the pigs ate the paint-root (Lachnanthes), which coloured their bones pink, and which caused the hoofs of all but the black varieties to drop off; and one of the "crackers" (
– – i.e. i.e. I. e. i.e.
– – Florida Florida Florida Virginia
– – squatters) added, "we select the black members of a litter for raising, as they alone have a good chance of living." squatters) added, "we select the black members of a litter for raising, as they alone have a good chance of living." squatters) added, "we select the black members of a litter for raising, as they alone have a good chance of living." squatters) added, "we select the black members of a litter for raising, as they alone have a good chance of living."
Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth; Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth: Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth: Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth: Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth: Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth:
long-haired long-haired long-haired long-haried long-haired long-haired
and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence, if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence, if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly
unconsciously unconsciously – – modify modify
– – unintentionally unintentionally unintentionally unintentionally
modify modify modify modify – –
other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of
the correlation of growth. the correlation of growth. the correlation of growth. the correlation of growth. correlation. correlation.

8.

185918601861186618691872
The The The The The The
result result result result results results
of the various, of the various, of the various, of the various, of the various, of the various,
quite quite quite quite – –
unknown, or unknown, or unknown, or unknown, or unknown, or unknown, or
– – – – but but
dimly dimly dimly dimly dimly dimly
seen seen seen seen understood understood
laws of variation laws of variation laws of variation laws of variation laws of variation laws of variation
is is is is are are
infinitely complex and diversified. It is well worth while carefully to study the several treatises infinitely complex and diversified. It is well worth while carefully to study the several treatises infinitely complex and diversified. It is well worth while carefully to study the several treatises infinitely complex and diversified. It is well worth while carefully to study the several treatises infinitely complex and diversified. It is well worth while carefully to study the several treatises infinitely complex and diversified. It is well worth while carefully to study the several treatises
published published published – – –
on some of our old cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it is really surprising to note the endless points on some of our old cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it is really surprising to note the endless points on some of our old cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it is really surprising to note the endless points on some of our old cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it is really surprising to note the endless points on some of our old cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it is really surprising to note the endless points on some of our old cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it is really surprising to note the endless points
in in in in in of
structure and constitution in which the varieties and sub-varieties differ slightly from each other. The whole organisation seems to have become plastic, and structure and constitution in which the varieties and sub-varieties differ slightly from each other. The whole organisation seems to have become plastic, and structure and constitution in which the varieties and sub-varieties differ slightly from each other. The whole organisation seems to have become plastic, and structure and constitution in which the varieties and sub-varieties differ slightly from each other. The whole organisation seems to have become plastic, and structure and constitution in which the varieties and sub-varieties differ slightly from each other. The whole organisation seems to have become plastic, and structure and constitution in which the varieties and sub-varieties differ slightly from each other. The whole organisation seems to have become plastic, and
tends to depart in tends to depart in tends to depart in tends to depart in tends to depart in departs in
some small some small some small some small a slight a slight
degree from that of the parental type. degree from that of the parental type. degree from that of the parental type. degree from that of the parental type. degree from that of the parental type. degree from that of the parental type.

9.

185918601861186618691872
Any variation which is not inherited is unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of inheritable deviations of structure, both those of slight and those of considerable physiological importance, Any variation which is not inherited is unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of inheritable deviations of structure, both those of slight and those of considerable physiological importance, Any variation which is not inherited is unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of inheritable deviations of structure, both those of slight and those of considerable physiological importance, Any variation which is not inherited is unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of inheritable deviations of structure, both those of slight and those of considerable physiological importance, Any variation which is not inherited is unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of inheritable deviations of structure, both those of slight and those of considerable physiological importance, Any variation which is not inherited is unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of inheritable deviations of structure, both those of slight and those of considerable physiological importance,
is is are are are are
endless. Dr. Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes, is the fullest and the best on this subject. No breeder doubts how strong is the tendency to inheritance: endless. Dr. Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes, is the fullest and the best on this subject. No breeder doubts how strong is the tendency to inheritance: endless. Dr. Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes, is the fullest and the best on this subject. No breeder doubts how strong is the tendency to inheritance: endless. Dr. Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes, is the fullest and the best on this subject. No breeder doubts how strong is the tendency to inheritance: endless. Dr. Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes, is the fullest and the best on this subject. No breeder doubts how strong is the tendency to inheritance: endless. Dr. Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes, is the fullest and the best on this subject. No breeder doubts how strong is the tendency to inheritance;
– – – – that that
like produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts have been thrown on this principle like produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts have been thrown on this principle like produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts have been thrown on this principle like produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts have been thrown on this principle like produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts have been thrown on this principle like produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts have been thrown on this principle
– – – – only only
by theoretical writers by theoretical writers by theoretical writers by theoretical writers by theoretical writers. by theoretical writers.
alone. alone. alone. alone. – –
When When When When When When
a deviation appears not unfrequently, any deviation of structure often appears, any deviation of structure often appears, any deviation of structure often appears, any deviation of structure often appears, any deviation of structure often appears,
and we see it in the father and child, we cannot tell whether it may not be due to the same and we see it in the father and child, we cannot tell whether it may not be due to the same and we see it in the father and child, we cannot tell whether it may not be due to the same and we see it in the father and child, we cannot tell whether it may not be due to the same and we see it in the father and child, we cannot tell whether it may not be due to the same and we see it in the father and child, we cannot tell whether it may not be due to the same
original – – – – –
cause cause cause cause cause cause
acting having acted having acted having acted having acted having acted
on both; but when amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the same conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some extraordinary combination of circumstances, appears in the parent — say, once on both; but when amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the same conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some extraordinary combination of circumstances, appears in the parent — say, once on both; but when amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the same conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some extraordinary combination of circumstances, appears in the parent — say, once on both; but when amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the same conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some extraordinary combination of circumstances, appears in the parent — say, once on both; but when amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the same conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some extraordinary combination of circumstances, appears in the parent — say, once on both; but when amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the same conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some extraordinary combination of circumstances, appears in the parent — say, once
amongst amongst amongst amongst amongst among
several million individuals — and it reappears in the child, the mere doctrine of chances almost compels us to attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several members of the same family. If strange and rare deviations of structure are several million individuals — and it reappears in the child, the mere doctrine of chances almost compels us to attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several members of the same family. If strange and rare deviations of structure are several million individuals — and it reappears in the child, the mere doctrine of chances almost compels us to attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several members of the same family. If strange and rare deviations of structure are several million individuals — and it reappears in the child, the mere doctrine of chances almost compels us to attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several members of the same family. If strange and rare deviations of structure are several million individuals — and it reappears in the child, the mere doctrine of chances almost compels us to attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several members of the same family. If strange and rare deviations of structure are several million individuals — and it reappears in the child, the mere doctrine of chances almost compels us to attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every one must have heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several members of the same family. If strange and rare deviations of structure are
truly truly truly really really really
inherited, less strange and commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole subject, would be, to look at the inheritance of every character whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the anomaly. inherited, less strange and commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole subject, would be, to look at the inheritance of every character whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the anomaly. inherited, less strange and commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole subject, would be, to look at the inheritance of every character whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the anomaly. inherited, less strange and commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole subject, would be, to look at the inheritance of every character whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the anomaly. inherited, less strange and commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole subject, would be, to look at the inheritance of every character whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the anomaly. inherited, less strange and commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole subject would be, to look at the inheritance of every character whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the anomaly.

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185918601861186618691872
The laws governing inheritance are The laws governing inheritance are The laws governing inheritance are The laws governing inheritance are The laws governing inheritance are The laws governing inheritance are
quite quite quite quite for the most part for the most part
unknown; no one can say why unknown; no one can say why unknown; no one can say why unknown; no one can say why unknown. No one can say why unknown. No one can say why
the same peculiarity in different individuals of the same species, a peculiarity in different individuals of the same species, or a peculiarity in different individuals of the same species, or a peculiarity in different individuals of the same species, or the same peculiarity in different individuals of the same species, the same peculiarity in different individuals of the same species,
and – – – or in or in
in individuals of in individuals of in individuals of in individuals of – –
different species, is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so; why the child often reverts in certain different species, is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so; why the child often reverts in certain different species, is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so; why the child often reverts in certain different species, is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so; why the child often reverts in certain different species, is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so; why the child often reverts in certain different species, is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so; why the child often reverts in certain
characters characters characters characters characters characteristics
to its to its to its to its to its to its
grandfather grandfather grandfather grand- father grandfather grandfather
or grandmother or or grandmother or or grandmother or or grandmother or or grandmother or or grandmother or
other other other other – –
much – – – – –
more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes, or to one sex alone, more commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It is a fact of some more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes, or to one sex alone, more commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It is a fact of some more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes, or to one sex alone, more commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It is a fact of some more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes, or to one sex alone, more commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It is a fact of some more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes, or to one sex alone, more commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It is a fact of some more remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to both sexes, or to one sex alone, more commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It is a fact of some
little little little little – –
importance to us, that peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted either exclusively, or in a much greater degree, to importance to us, that peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted either exclusively, or in a much greater degree, to importance to us, that peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted either exclusively, or in a much greater degree, to importance to us, that peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted, either exclusively or in a much greater degree, to importance to us, that peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted, either exclusively or in a much greater degree, to importance to us, that peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are often transmitted, either exclusively or in a much greater degree, to
– – – – the the
males alone. A much more important rule, which I think may be trusted, is that, at whatever period of life a peculiarity first appears, it tends to males alone. A much more important rule, which I think may be trusted, is that, at whatever period of life a peculiarity first appears, it tends to males alone. A much more important rule, which I think may be trusted, is that, at whatever period of life a peculiarity first appears, it tends to males alone. A much more important rule, which I think may be trusted, is that, at whatever period of life a peculiarity first appears, it tends to males alone. A much more important rule, which I think may be trusted, is that, at whatever period of life a peculiarity first appears, it tends to males alone. A much more important rule, which I think may be trusted, is that, at whatever period of life a peculiarity first appears, it tends to
appear appear appear appear re-appear re-appear
in the offspring at a corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many cases this could not be otherwise: thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension, and that when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first appearance of the peculiarity, and not to in the offspring at a corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many cases this could not be otherwise: thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension, and that when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first appearance of the peculiarity, and not to in the offspring at a corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many cases this could not be otherwise: thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension, and that when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first appearance of the peculiarity, and not to in the offspring at a corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many cases this could not be otherwise: thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension, and that, when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first appearance of the peculiarity, and not to in the offspring at a corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many cases this could not be otherwise: thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension, and that, when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first appearance of the peculiarity, and not to in the offspring at a corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many cases this could not be otherwise; thus the inherited peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear only in the offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in the silk-worm are known to appear at the corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some other facts make me believe that the rule has a wider extension, and that, when there is no apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear at any particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in the offspring at the same period at which it first appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to be of the highest importance in explaining the laws of embryology. These remarks are of course confined to the first appearance of the peculiarity, and not to
its its its its its the
primary cause, which may have acted on the ovules or primary cause, which may have acted on the ovules or primary cause, which may have acted on the ovules or primary cause, which may have acted on the ovules or primary cause, which may have acted on the ovules or primary cause which may have acted on the ovules or
– – on the on the on the on the
male element; in nearly the same manner as male element; in nearly the same manner as male element; in nearly the same manner as male element; in nearly the same manner as male element; in nearly the same manner as male element; in nearly the same manner as
in the in the in the in the in the the increased length of the horns in the offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull,
crossed crossed – – – –
offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull, the greater length of horn, offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull, the greater length of horn, offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull, the greater length of horn, offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull, the greater length of horn, offspring from a short-horned cow by a long-horned bull, the greater length of horn, –
though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element. though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element. though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element. though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element. though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element. though appearing late in life, is clearly due to the male element.

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Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists — namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists — namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists — namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists — namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists — namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here refer to a statement often made by naturalists — namely, that our domestic varieties, when run wild, gradually but
certainly certainly certainly certainly invariably invariably
revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most revert in character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that no deductions can be drawn from domestic races to species in a state of nature. I have in vain endeavoured to discover on what decisive facts the above statement has so often and so boldly been made. There would be great difficulty in proving its truth: we may safely conclude that very many of the most
strongly-marked strongly-marked strongly-marked strongly-marked strongly-marked strongly marked
domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be domestic varieties could not possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we do not know what the aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell whether or not nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It would be
quite quite quite quite – –
necessary, in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should necessary, in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should necessary, in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should necessary, in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should necessary, in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should necessary in order to prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only a single variety should
be be be be have been have been
turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the turned loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the
direct direct direct direct definite definite
action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion, — that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion, — that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion, — that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion, — that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion, — that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under action of the poor soil), that they would, to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is not of great importance for our line of argument; for by the experiment itself the conditions of life are changed. If it could be shown that our domestic varieties manifested a strong tendency to reversion, — that is, to lose their acquired characters, whilst kept under
unchanged the same the same the same the same the same
conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body, so that free intercrossing might check, by blending together, any slight deviations
of in their in their in their in their in their
structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an structure, in such case, I grant that we could deduce nothing from domestic varieties in regard to species. But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an
almost infinite almost infinite almost infinite almost infinite unlimited unlimited
number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. number of generations, would be opposed to all experience.
I may add, that when under nature the conditions of life do change, variations and reversions of character probably do occur; but natural selection, as will hereafter be explained, will determine how far the new characters thus arising shall be preserved. I may add, that when under nature the conditions of life do change, variations and reversions of character probably do occur; but natural selection, as will hereafter be explained, will determine how far the new characters thus arising shall be preserved. I may add, that when under nature the conditions of life do change, variations and reversions of character probably do occur; but natural selection, as will hereafter be explained, will determine how far the new characters thus arising shall be preserved. I may add, that, when under nature the conditions of life do change, variations and reversions of character probably do occur; but natural selection, as will hereafter be explained, will determine how far the new characters thus arising shall be preserved. – –

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– – – Character of Domestic Varieties; difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species; origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species. Character of Domestic Varieties; difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species; origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species. Character of Domestic Varieties: difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species; origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species.
When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with When we look to the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants, and compare them with
species – – – – –
closely allied closely allied closely allied closely allied closely allied closely allied
together, species, species, species, species, species,
we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races we generally perceive in each domestic race, as already remarked, less uniformity of character than in true species. Domestic races
of the same species, also, of the same species, also, of the same species, also, – – –
often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from often have a somewhat monstrous character; by which I mean, that, although differing from each other, and from
the – – – – –
other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with other species of the same genus, in several trifling respects, they often differ in an extreme degree in some one part, both when compared one with another, and more especially when compared with
all the species in all the species in all the species in the species under the species under the species under
nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed, — a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed, — a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed, — a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed, — a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other, nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed, — a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other, nature to which they are nearest allied. With these exceptions (and with that of the perfect fertility of varieties when crossed, — a subject hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the same species differ from each other
– – – only only –
– – – in in in
– – – most cases in a most cases in a –
– – – lesser less –
– – – degree, degree, –
in in in in in –
the same manner as, the same manner as, the same manner as, the same manner as the same manner as the same manner as
only in most cases in a lesser degree than, only in most cases in a lesser degree than, only in most cases in a lesser degree than, – – do the closely allied
do closely-allied do closely-allied do closely-allied do closely-allied do closely-allied –
species of the same genus in a state of nature. species of the same genus in a state of nature. species of the same genus in a state of nature. species of the same genus in a state of nature. species of the same genus in a state of nature. species of the same genus in a state of nature,
I think I think I think I think – but the differences in most cases are less in degree. This must be admitted as true, for the domestic races of many animals and plants have been ranked by some competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species, and by other competent judges as mere varieties. If any well marked distinction existed between a domestic race and a species, this source of doubt would not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in characters of generic value. It can be shown that this statement is not correct; but naturalists differ much in determining what characters are of generic value; all such
– – that that – –
this must be admitted, this must be admitted, this must be admitted, this must be admitted, This must be admitted –
when we when we when we when we as true, for the domestic races of many animals and plants have been ranked by some competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species, and by other competent judges as mere varieties. If any well marked distinction existed between a domestic race and a species, this source of doubt would not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in characters of generic value. It can be shown that this statement is not correct; but naturalists differ much in determining what characters are of generic value; all such valua- tions being at present empirical. When it is explained how genera originate under nature, it will be seen that we have no right to expect often to –
find find find find find –
that there are hardly any domestic races, either amongst animals or plants, which have not been ranked by that there are hardly any domestic races, either amongst animals or plants, which have not been ranked by that there are hardly any domestic races, either amongst animals or plants, which have not been ranked by that there are hardly any domestic races, either amongst animals or plants, which have not been ranked by – –
some – competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species, and by other competent judges as mere varieties. competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species, and by other competent judges as mere varieties. – –
competent judges as mere varieties, and by other competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species. competent judges as mere varieties, and by other competent judges as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species. – – – –
If any marked distinction existed between domestic races and species, this source of doubt could not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in characters of generic value. I think it If any marked distinction existed between domestic races and species, this source of doubt could not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in characters of generic value. I think it If any marked distinction existed between domestic races and species, this source of doubt could not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in characters of generic value. I think it If any marked distinction existed between domestic races and species, this source of doubt could not so perpetually recur. It has often been stated that domestic races do not differ from each other in characters of generic value. I think it – –
could could can can – –
be shown that this statement is hardly correct; but naturalists differ be shown that this statement is hardly correct; but naturalists differ be shown that this statement is hardly correct; but naturalists differ be shown that this statement is hardly correct; but naturalists differ – –
most – – – – –
widely in determining what characters are of generic value; all such widely in determining what characters are of generic value; all such widely in determining what characters are of generic value; all such widely in determining what characters are of generic value; all such – –
valuations being at present empirical. valuations being at present empirical. valuations being at present empirical. valuations being at present empirical. – valuations being at present empirical.
Moreover, on the view of the origin of genera which I shall presently give, we have no right to expect often to meet with generic differences Moreover, on the view of the origin of genera which I shall presently give, we have no right to expect often to meet with generic differences Moreover, on the view of the origin of genera which I shall presently give, we have no right to expect often to meet with generic differences Moreover, on the view of the origin of genera which I shall presently give, we have no right to expect often to meet with generic differences – When it is explained how genera originate under nature, it will be seen that we have no right to expect often to find
– – – – a generic amount of difference a generic amount of difference
in our domesticated in our domesticated in our domesticated in our domesticated in our domesticated in our domesticated
productions. productions. productions. productions. races. races.

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When we attempt When we attempt When we attempt When we attempt In attempting In attempting
to estimate the amount of structural difference between to estimate the amount of structural difference between to estimate the amount of structural difference between to estimate the amount of structural difference between to estimate the amount of structural difference between to estimate the amount of structural difference between
the domestic races of the same species, the domestic races of the same species, the domestic races of the same species, the domestic races of the same species, the domestic races of the same species, allied domestic races,
we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they we are soon involved in doubt, from not knowing whether they
have descended from one or several parent-species. have descended from one or several parentspecies. have descended from one or several parent-species. have descended from one or several parent-species. have descended from one or several parent-species. are descended from one or several parent species.
This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the This point, if it could be cleared up, would be interesting; if, for instance, it could be shown that the
grey- hound, greyhound, greyhound, greyhound, greyhound, greyhound,
bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog, which we all know propagate their kind
so so so so so –
truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many truly, were the offspring of any single species, then such facts would have great weight in making us doubt about the immutability of the many
very very very very very –
closely allied closely allied closely allied closely allied closely allied closely allied
and – – – – –
natural species — for instance, of the many foxes — inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that natural species — for instance, of the many foxes — inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that natural species — for instance, of the many foxes — inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that natural species — for instance, of the many foxes — inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that natural species — for instance, of the many foxes — inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that natural species — for instance, of the many foxes — inhabiting different quarters of the world. I do not believe, as we shall presently see, that
all our dogs have descended from any one wild species; but, in the case of some other domestic races, there is presumptive, or even strong, evidence in favour of this view. the whole amount of difference between the several breeds of the dog has been produced under domestication; I believe that the whole amount of difference between the several breeds of the dog has been produced under domestication; I believe that the whole amount of difference between the several breeds of the dog has been produced under domestication; I believe that the whole amount of difference between the several breeds of the dog has been produced under domestication; I believe that the whole amount of difference between the several breeds of the dog has been produced under domestication; I believe that
– some some some some a
– small part of the difference is due to their small part of the difference is due to their small part of the difference is due to their small part of the difference is due to their small part of the difference is due to their
– being having having having being
– descended from distinct species. In the case of descended from distinct species. In the case of descended from distinct species. In the case of descended from distinct species. In the case of descended from distinct species. In the case of
– – – – strongly marked races strongly marked races
– – – – in of
– some other domesticated species, there is presumptive, or even strong evidence, that all some other domesticated species, there is presumptive, or even strong evidence, that all some other domesticated species, there is presumptive, or even strong evidence, that all some other domesticated species, there is presumptive, or even strong evidence, that all some other domesticated species, there is presumptive or even strong evidence, that all
– the breeds have the breeds have the breeds have are are
– descended from a single wild stock. descended from a single wild stock. descended from a single wild stock. descended from a single wild stock. descended from a single wild stock.

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It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions; but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates? Has the little variability of the ass It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions; but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates? Has the little variability of the ass It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions; but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates? Has the little variability of the ass It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions; but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates? Has the little variability of the ass It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions; but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates? Has the little variability of the ass It has often been assumed that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary inherent tendency to vary, and likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that these capacities have added largely to the value of most of our domesticated productions; but how could a savage possibly know, when he first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure other climates? Has the little variability of the ass
or guinea-fowl, or guinea-fowl, or guinea-fowl, and goose, and goose, and goose,
or the small power of endurance of warmth by the rein-deer, or of cold by the common camel, prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would or the small power of endurance of warmth by the reindeer, or of cold by the common camel, prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would or the small power of endurance of warmth by the reindeer, or of cold by the common camel prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would or the small power of endurance of warmth by the reindeer, or of cold by the common camel, prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would or the small power of endurance of warmth by the reindeer, or of cold by the common camel, prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would or the small power of endurance of warmth by the reindeer, or of cold by the common camel, prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to our domesticated productions, and belonging to equally diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they would
vary vary vary – – –
on an average on an average on an average on an average on an average on an average
– – – vary vary vary
as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied. as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied. as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied. as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied. as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied. as largely as the parent species of our existing domesticated productions have varied.

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In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants, In the case of most of our anciently domesticated animals and plants,
I do not think it is I do not think it is it is not it is not it is not it is not
possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they possible to come to any definite conclusion, whether they
have have have have are are
descended from one or several descended from one or several descended from one or several descended from one or several descended from one or several descended from one or several
– wild wild wild wild wild
species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient species. The argument mainly relied on by those who believe in the multiple origin of our domestic animals is, that we find in the most ancient
records, more especially records, more especially records, more especially times, times, times,
on the monuments of Egypt, on the monuments of Egypt, on the monuments of Egypt, on the monuments of Egypt, on the monuments of Egypt, on the monuments of Egypt,
– – – and in the lake-habitations of Switzerland, and in the lake-habitations of Switzerland, and in the lake-habitations of Switzerland,
much diversity in the breeds; and that some of much diversity in the breeds; and that some of much diversity in the breeds; and that some of much diversity in the breeds; and that some of much diversity in the breeds; and that some of much diversity in the breeds; and that some of
the breeds closely resemble, perhaps are identical with, those still existing. the breeds closely resemble, perhaps are identical with, those still existing. the breeds closely resemble, perhaps are identical with, those still existing. these ancient breeds closely resemble or are these ancient breeds closely resemble or are these ancient breeds closely resemble, or are
Even Even Even even even even
if this latter fact were found more strictly and generally true than seems to me to be the case, what does it show, but that some of our breeds originated there, four or five thousand years ago? if this latter fact were found more strictly and generally true than seems to me to be the case, what does it show, but that some of our breeds originated there, four or five thousand years ago? if this latter fact were found more strictly and generally true than seems to me to be the case, what does it show, but that some of our breeds originated there, four or five thousand years ago? identical with those still existing. But this only throws far backwards the history of civilization, and shows that animals were domesticated at a much earlier period than has hitherto been supposed. The lake-inhabitants of Switzerland cultivated several kinds of wheat and barley, the pea, the poppy for oil, and flax; and they possessed several domesticated animals; they had also commerce with other nations. All this clearly shows, as Heer has remarked, that they had at this early age progressed considerably in civilization; and this again implies a long-continued identical with those still existing. But this only throws far backwards the history of civilization, and shows that animals were domesticated at a much earlier period than has hitherto been supposed. The lake-inhabitants of Switzerland cultivated several kinds of wheat and barley, the pea, the poppy for oil, and flax; and they possessed several domesticated animals; they had also commerce with other nations. All this clearly shows, as Heer has remarked, that they had at this early age progressed considerably in civilization; and this again implies a long-continued identical with, those still existing. But this only throws far backwards the history of civilisation, and shows that animals were domesticated at a much earlier period than has hitherto been supposed. The lake-inhabitants of Switzerland cultivated several kinds of wheat and barley, the pea, the poppy for oil, and flax; and they possessed several domesticated animals. They also carried on commerce with other nations. All this clearly shows, as Heer has remarked, that they had at this early age progressed considerably in civilisation; and this again implies a
But Mr. Horner's researches have rendered it in some degree probable that man sufficiently civilized to have manufactured pottery existed in the valley of the Nile thirteen or fourteen thousand years ago; and who will pretend to say how But Mr. Horner's researches have rendered it in some degree probable that man sufficiently civilized to have manufactured pottery existed in the valley of the Nile thirteen or fourteen thousand years ago; and who will pretend to say how – – – –
long long – – – long
before these ancient periods, savages, like those of Tierra del Fuego or Australia, who possess a semi-domestic before these ancient periods, savages, like those of Tierra del Fuego or Australia, who possess a semi-domestic – – – continued
– – – previous period of less advanced previous period of less advanced previous period of less advanced
– – – civilization, civilization, civilisation,
– – – during which the domesticated animals, kept by during which the domesticated animals, kept by during which the domesticated animals, kept by
– – – the the –
– – – different tribes different tribes different tribes
– – – and – –
– – – in different districts, might have varied and given rise to distinct races. in different districts, might have varied and given rise to distinct races. in different districts, might have varied and given rise to distinct races.
– – Since the Since the Since the Since the
– – recent discoveries discovery discovery discovery
– – of flint tools of flint tools of flint tools of flint tools
– – or celts or celts or celts –
– – in the superficial in the superficial in the superficial in the superficial
– – deposits formations formations formations
– – of of in of
– – France and England, France and England, many parts of the world, many parts of the world,
– – few all all all
– – geologists geologists geologists geologists
– – will doubt that man, in a sufficiently civilized state to have manufactured weapons, existed at a period extremely believe that man in a barbarous condition believe that barbarian man believe that barbarian man
– – – existed at an enormously existed at an enormously existed at an enormously
– – remote remote remote remote
– – as measured by years; period; period; period;
– – and we know that at the present day there is hardly a tribe so barbarous as not to have domesticated at least the and we know that at the present day there is hardly a tribe so barbarous as not to have domesticated at least the and we know that at the present day there is hardly a tribe so barbarous as not to have domesticated at least the and we know that at the present day there is hardly a tribe so barbarous, as not to have domesticated at least the
dog, dog, dog. dog. dog. dog.
may not have existed in Egypt? may not have existed in Egypt? – – – –

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185918601861186618691872
The The The The The The
whole subject must, I think, whole subject must, I think, origin of most of our domestic animals will probably for ever origin of most of our domestic animals will probably for ever origin of most of our domestic animals will probably for ever origin of most of our domestic animals will probably for ever
remain vague; remain vague; remain vague. remain vague. remain vague. remain vague.
neverthelsss, nevertheless, But But But But
I may, I may, I may I may I may I may
without without – – – –
here here here here here here
entering on any details, state that, from geographical and other considerations, I think it highly probable that our domestic dogs have descended from several wild species. entering on any details, state that, from geographical and other considerations, I think it highly probable that our domestic dogs have descended from several wild species. state, that looking to the domestic dogs of the whole world, I have, after a laborious collection of all known facts, come to the conclusion that several wild species of Canidæ have been tamed, and that their blood, more or less mingled, flows in the veins of our many domestic breeds. In regard to sheep and goats I can form no opinion. From facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, and constitution, &c., of the humped Indian cattle, it state, that, looking to the domestic dogs of the whole world, I have, after a laborious collection of all known facts, come to the conclusion that several wild species of Canidæ have been tamed, and that their blood, more or less state, that, looking to the domestic dogs of the whole world, I have, after a laborious collection of all known facts, come to the conclusion that several wild species of Canidæ have been tamed, and that their blood, in some cases state, that, looking to the domestic dogs of the whole world, I have, after a laborious collection of all known facts, come to the conclusion that several wild species of Canidæ have been tamed, and that their blood, in some cases
– Knowing, as we do, that savages are very fond of taming animals, it seems to me unlikely, in the case of the dog-genus, which – mingled together, flows in the veins of our mingled together, flows in the veins of our mingled together, flows in the veins of our
– is is many – –
– distributed in a wild state throughout the world, that since man first appeared one single species alone should have been domesticated. probable that these domestic breeds. In regard to sheep and goats I can form no domestic breeds. In regard to sheep and goats I can form no domestic breeds. In regard to sheep and goats I can form no
In regard to sheep and goats I can form no opinion. I should think, from facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, and constitution, &c., of the humped Indian cattle, that these had In regard to sheep and goats I can form no opinion. I should think, from facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, and constitution, &c., of the humped Indian cattle, that these had – – decided decided
– – – opinion. From facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, constitution, and structure of the humped Indian cattle, it is opinion. From facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, constitution, and structure of the humped Indian cattle, it is opinion. From facts communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, constitution, and structure of the humped Indian cattle, it is
– – – probable that these almost certain that they almost certain that they
– – – are are are
descended from a different aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and descended from a different aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and descended from a different aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and descended from a different aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and descended from a different aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and descended from a different aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and
several several several some some some
competent judges believe that these latter have had competent judges believe that these latter have had competent judges believe that these latter have had competent judges believe that these latter have had competent judges believe that these latter have had competent judges believe that these latter have had
more than one wild parent. With respect to horses, from reasons which I cannot more than one wild parent. With respect to horses, from reasons which I cannot more than one wild parent. With respect to horses, from reasons which I cannot several wild parents, — whether or not these deserve to be called species or races. This conclusion, as well as the specific distinction between the humped and common cattle, may indeed be looked at as almost established by the recent admirable researches of Professor Rütimeyer. With respect to horses, from reasons which I cannot here give, I am with much doubt inclined to believe, in opposition to several authors, that all the races have descended from one wild stock. Mr. Blyth, whose opinion, from his large and varied stores of knowledge, I should value more than that of almost any one, thinks that all the breeds of poultry have proceeded from the common wild Indian fowl (Gallus bankiva): two or three wild progenitors, — whether or not these deserve to be called species two or three wild progenitors, — whether or not these deserve to be called species.
– – here – or races. This conclusion, as well as This conclusion, as well as that of
give give give, – the specific distinction between the humped and common cattle, may, indeed, be looked the specific distinction between the humped and common cattle, may, indeed, be looked
here, here, – – at upon
I am I am I am – as established by the as established by the
– – with much doubt – recent –
– – – – admirable researches of Professor Rütimeyer. With respect to horses, from reasons which I cannot here give, I am admirable researches of Professor Rütimeyer. With respect to horses, from reasons which I cannot here give, I am
doubtfully doubtfully – – doubtfully doubtfully
inclined to believe, in opposition to several authors, that all the races inclined to believe, in opposition to several authors, that all the races inclined to believe, in opposition to several authors, that all the races – inclined to believe, in opposition to several authors, that all the races inclined to believe, in opposition to several authors, that all the races
have descended from one wild stock. Mr. Blyth, whose opinion, from his large and varied stores of knowledge, I should value more than that of almost any one, thinks that all the breeds of poultry have proceeded from the common wild Indian fowl (Gallus bankiva). In regard to ducks and rabbits, the breeds of which differ considerably from each other in structure, have descended from one wild stock. Mr. Blyth, whose opinion, from his large and varied stores of knowledge, I should value more than that of almost any one, thinks that all the breeds of poultry have proceeded from the common wild Indian fowl (Gallus bankiva). In regard to ducks and rabbits, the breeds of which differ considerably from each other in structure, have descended from one wild stock. Mr. Blyth, whose opinion, from his large and varied stores of knowledge, I should value more than that of almost any one, thinks that all the breeds of poultry have proceeded from the common wild Indian fowl (Gallus bankiva). In regard to ducks and rabbits, the breeds of which differ considerably from each other in structure, – belong to the same species. belong to the same species.
I do not doubt that they I do not doubt that they – having kept nearly all the English Having kept nearly all the English Having kept nearly all the English
all have have – kinds breeds of the fowl breeds of the fowl
– – – alive, having bred and crossed them, and examined their skeletons, alive, having bred and crossed them, and examined their skeletons, alive, having bred and crossed them, and examined their skeletons,
– – – I have come to a similar conclusion, — the grounds of which will be given in a future work. In regard to ducks and rabbits, the breeds of which differ considerably from each other in structure, it appears to me almost certain that all are the descendants of the wild Indian fowl, Gallus bankiva; and this is the conclusion of Mr. Blyth, and of others who have studied this bird in India. In regard to ducks and rabbits, some breeds of which differ much from each other, it appears to me almost certain that all are the descendants of the wild Indian fowl, Gallus bankiva; and this is the conclusion of Mr. Blyth, and of others who have studied this bird in India. In regard to ducks and rabbits, some breeds of which differ much from each other,
– – the evidence the evidence the evidence the evidence
– – – strongly is clear that they are is clear that they are
– – preponderates in favour of their having preponderates in favour of their having – –
– all all all all all
descended from the common wild duck and rabbit. descended from the common wild duck and rabbit. descended from the common wild duck and rabbit. descended from the common wild duck and rabbit. descended from the common wild duck and rabbit. descended from the common wild duck and rabbit.

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185918601861186618691872
The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors. They believe that every race which breeds true, let the distinctive characters be ever so slight, has had its wild prototype. At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle, as many sheep, and several goats in Europe alone, and several even within Great Britain. One author believes that there formerly existed The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors. They believe that every race which breeds true, let the distinctive characters be ever so slight, has had its wild prototype. At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle, as many sheep, and several goats in Europe alone, and several even within Great Britain. One author believes that there formerly existed The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors. They believe that every race which breeds true, let the distinctive characters be ever so slight, has had its wild prototype. At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle, as many sheep, and several goats in Europe alone, and several even within Great Britain. One author believes that there formerly existed The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors. They believe that every race which breeds true, let the distinctive characters be ever so slight, has had its wild prototype. At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle, as many sheep, and several goats in Europe alone, and several even within Great Britain. One author believes that there formerly existed The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors. They believe that every race which breeds true, let the distinctive characters be ever so slight, has had its wild prototype. At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle, as many sheep, and several goats, in Europe alone, and several even within Great Britain. One author believes that there formerly existed The doctrine of the origin of our several domestic races from several aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd extreme by some authors. They believe that every race which breeds true, let the distinctive characters be ever so slight, has had its wild prototype. At this rate there must have existed at least a score of species of wild cattle, as many sheep, and several goats, in Europe alone, and several even within Great Britain. One author believes that there formerly existed
in Great Britain in Great Britain in Great Britain in Great Britain in Great Britain –
eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to eleven wild species of sheep peculiar to
it! it! it! it! it! Great Britain!
When we bear in mind that Britain has now When we bear in mind that Britain has now When we bear in mind that Britain has now When we bear in mind that Britain has now When we bear in mind that Britain has now When we bear in mind that Britain has now
hardly hardly hardly hardly hardly not
one peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct from those of Germany and one peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct from those of Germany and one peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct from those of Germany and one peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct from those of Germany, and one peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct from those of Germany, and one peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct from those of Germany, and
conversely, and conversely, and conversely, and conversely, and conversely, and –
so with Hungary, Spain, &c., but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must admit that many domestic breeds so with Hungary, Spain, &c., but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must admit that many domestic breeds so with Hungary, Spain, &c., but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must admit that many domestic breeds so with Hungary, Spain, &c., but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must admit that many domestic breeds so with Hungary, Spain, &c., but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must admit that many domestic breeds so with Hungary, Spain, &c., but that each of these kingdoms possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must admit that many domestic breeds
– – – – – must
have originated in Europe; for whence have originated in Europe; for whence have originated in Europe; for whence have originated in Europe; for whence have originated in Europe; for whence have originated in Europe; for whence
– – – – have they otherwise
could they have could they have could they have could they have – could they have
been derived, been derived, been derived, been derived, been derived, been derived?
as these several countries as these several countries as these several countries as these several countries as these several countries –
do do do do could –
not possess not possess not possess not possess not possess –
– – – – so large –
a number of peculiar species a number of peculiar species a number of peculiar species a number of peculiar species a number of peculiar species –
as distinct as distinct as distinct as distinct for –
parent-stocks? parent-stocks? parent-stocks? parent-stocks? parent-stocks? –
So it is in India. Even in the case of the So it is in India. Even in the case of the So it is in India. Even in the case of the So it is in India. Even in the case of the So it is in India. Even in the case of the So it is in India. Even in the case of the
domestic dogs of domestic dogs of domestic dogs of domestic dogs of domestic dogs of breeds of the domestic dog throughout
the the the the the the
whole whole whole whole whole –
world, which I world, which I world, which I world, which I world, which I world, which I
fully fully – – – –
admit admit admit admit admit admit
– – to to to are
have have have have have –
probably probably – – – –
descended from several wild species, descended from several wild species, descended from several wild species, descended from several wild species, descended from several wild species, descended from several wild species,
I I it it it it
cannot cannot cannot cannot cannot cannot
doubt doubt be doubted be doubted be doubted be doubted
that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation. that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation. that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation; that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation; that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation; that there has been an immense amount of inherited variation;
– – for for for for
Who Who who who who who
can can will will will will
believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog, believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog, believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog, believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog, believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog, believe that animals closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the bloodhound, the bull-dog,
– – pug-dog, pug-dog, pug-dog, pug-dog,
or Blenheim spaniel, &c. — so unlike all wild Canidæ — ever existed or Blenheim spaniel, &c. — so unlike all wild Canidæ — ever existed or Blenheim spaniel, &c. — so unlike all wild Canidæ — ever existed or Blenheim spaniel, &c. — so unlike all wild Canidæ — ever existed or Blenheim spaniel, &c. — so unlike all wild Canidæ — ever existed or Blenheim spaniel, &c. — so unlike all wild Canidæ — ever existed
freely freely freely freely freely –
in a state of nature? It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can in a state of nature? It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can in a state of nature? It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can in a state of nature? It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can in a state of nature? It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can in a state of nature? It has often been loosely said that all our races of dogs have been produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by crossing we can
– only only only only only
get get get get get get
only – – – – –
forms in some degree intermediate between their parents; and if we account for our several domestic races by this process, we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms, as the Italian greyhound, bloodhound, bull-dog, &c., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. forms in some degree intermediate between their parents; and if we account for our several domestic races by this process, we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms, as the Italian greyhound, bloodhound, bull-dog, &c., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. forms in some degree intermediate between their parents; and if we account for our several domestic races by this process, we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms, as the Italian greyhound, bloodhound, bull-dog, &c., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. forms in some degree intermediate between their parents; and if we account for our several domestic races by this process, we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms, as the Italian greyhound, bloodhound, bull-dog, &c., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. forms in some degree intermediate between their parents; and if we account for our several domestic races by this process, we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms, as the Italian greyhound, bloodhound, bull-dog, &c., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated. forms in some degree intermediate between their parents; and if we account for our several domestic races by this process, we must admit the former existence of the most extreme forms, as the Italian greyhound, bloodhound, bull-dog, &c., in the wild state. Moreover, the possibility of making distinct races by crossing has been greatly exaggerated.
There can be no doubt There can be no doubt Many cases are on record, showing Many cases are on record, showing Many cases are on record, showing Many cases are on record, showing
that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of that a race may be modified by occasional crosses, if aided by the careful selection of
those individual mongrels, those individual mongrels, those individual mongrels the individuals the individuals the individuals
which present which present which present which present which present which present
any any any the the the
desired character; but desired character; but desired character; but desired character; but desired character; but desired character; but
that a race could be obtained that a race could be obtained that a race could be obtained to obtain a race to obtain a race to obtain a race
nearly nearly nearly nearly nearly –
intermediate between two intermediate between two intermediate between two intermediate between two intermediate between two intermediate between two
extremely different races or extremely different races or extremely different races or extremely different races or extremely different races or quite distinct races,
speceies, species, species, species, species, –
I can hardly believe. I can hardly believe. I can hardly believe. would be very difficult. would be very difficult. would be very difficult.
Sir J. Sebright expressly Sir J. Sebright expressly Sir J. Sebright expressly Sir J. Sebright expressly Sir J. Sebright expressly Sir J. Sebright expressly
experimentised experimentised experimented experimented experimented experimented
for for for for for with
this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons) this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons) this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons) this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons) this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons) this object, and failed. The offspring from the first cross between two pure breeds is tolerably and sometimes (as I have found with pigeons)
extremely extremely extremely extremely extremely quite
uniform, uniform, uniform, uniform, uniform, uniform
– – – – – in character,
and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them and everything seems simple enough; but when these mongrels are crossed one with another for several generations, hardly two of them
will be will be will be will be are are
alike, and then the alike, and then the alike; and then the alike; and then the alike; and then the alike, and then the
extreme extreme extreme extreme extreme –
difficulty, difficulty, difficulty, difficulty, difficulty difficulty
or rather utter hopelessness, or rather utter hopelessness, or rather utter hopelessness, or rather utter hopelessness – –
of the task becomes of the task becomes of the task becomes of the task becomes of the task becomes of the task becomes
apparent. apparent. apparent. apparent. apparent. manifeSt.
Certainly, Certainly, Cer- tainly, Certainly, Certainly, –
a breed intermediate between two very distinct breeds could not be got without extreme care and long-continued selection; nor can I find a a breed intermediate between two very distinct breeds could not be got without extreme care and long-continued selection; nor can I find a a breed intermediate between two very distinct breeds could not be got without extreme care and long-continued selection; nor can I find a a breed intermediate between two very distinct breeds could not be got without extreme care and long-continued selection; nor can I find a a breed intermediate between two very distinct breeds could not be got without extreme care and long-continued selection; nor can I find a –
single single single single – –
case on record of a permanent race having been thus formed. case on record of a permanent race having been thus formed. case on record of a permanent race having been thus formed. case on record of a permanent race having been thus formed. case on record of a permanent race having been thus formed. –

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185918601861186618691872
On the Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon .— On the Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon .— On the Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon .— Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon, Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon, Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon
– – – – – ,
– – – their Differences and Origin . their Differences and Origin . their Differences and Origin .
Believing that it is always best to study some special group, I have, after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world, more especially by the Hon. W. Believing that it is always best to study some special group, I have, after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world, more especially by the Hon. W. Believing that it is always best to study some special group, I have, after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world, more especially by the Hon. W. Believing that it is always best to study some special group, I have, after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world, more especially by the Hon. W. Believing that it is always best to study some special group, I have, after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world, more especially by the Hon. W. Believing that it is always best to study some special group, I have, after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly favoured with skins from several quarters of the world, more especially by the Hon. W.
Elliot Elliot Elliot Elliot Elliot Elliott
from India, and by the Hon. C. Murray from Persia. Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons, and some of them are very important, as being of from India, and by the Hon. C. Murray from Persia. Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons, and some of them are very important, as being of from India, and by the Hon. C. Murray from Persia. Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons, and some of them are very important, as being of from India, and by the Hon. C. Murray from Persia. Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons, and some of them are very important, as being of from India, and by the Hon. C. Murray from Persia. Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons, and some of them are very important, as being of from India, and by the Hon. C. Murray from Persia. Many treatises in different languages have been published on pigeons, and some of them are very important, as being of
considerable con- siderable considerable considerable considerable considerable
antiquity. I have associated with several eminent fanciers, and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see the wonderful antiquity. I have associated with several eminent fanciers, and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see the wonderful antiquity. I have associated with several eminent fanciers, and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see the wonderful antiquity. I have associated with several eminent fanciers, and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see the wonderful antiquity. I have associated with several eminent fanciers, and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see the wonderful antiquity. I have associated with several eminent fanciers, and have been permitted to join two of the London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is something astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see the wonderful
difference difference difference difference dif- ference difference
in their beaks, entailing corresponding differences in their skulls. The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head, and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very large external orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of mouth. The short-faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch; and the common tumbler has the singular in their beaks, entailing corresponding differences in their skulls. The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head, and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very large external orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of mouth. The short-faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch; and the common tumbler has the singular in their beaks, entailing corresponding differences in their skulls. The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head; and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very large external orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of mouth. The short-faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch; and the common tumbler has the singular in their beaks, entailing corresponding differences in their skulls. The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head; and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very large external orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of mouth. The short-faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch; and the common tumbler has the singular in their beaks, entailing corresponding differences in their skulls. The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head; and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very large external orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of mouth. The short-faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch; and the common tumbler has the singular in their beaks, entailing corresponding differences in their skulls. The carrier, more especially the male bird, is also remarkable from the wonderful development of the carunculated skin about the head; and this is accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very large external orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of mouth. The short-faced tumbler has a beak in outline almost like that of a finch; and the common tumbler has the singular
and strictly – – – – –
inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the air head over heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with long, massive beak and large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts have very long necks, others very long wings and tails, others singularly short tails. The barb is allied to the carrier, but, instead of a inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the air head over heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with long, massive beak and large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts have very long necks, others very long wings and tails, others singularly short tails. The barb is allied to the carrier, but, instead of a inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the air head over heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with long, massive beak and large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts have very long necks, others very long wings and tails, others singularly short tails. The barb is allied to the carrier, but, instead of a inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the air head over heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with long, massive beak and large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts have very long necks, others very long wings and tails, others singularly short tails. The barb is allied to the carrier, but, instead of a inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the air head over heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with long massive beak and large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts have very long necks, others very long wings and tails, others singularly short tails. The barb is allied to the carrier, but, instead of a inherited habit of flying at a great height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the air head over heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with long massive beak and large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts have very long necks, others very long wings and tails, others singularly short tails. The barb is allied to the carrier, but, instead of a
very long beak, has a very short and very very long beak, has a very short and very very long beak, has a very short and very very long beak, has a very short and very long beak, has a very short and long beak, has a very short and
broad one. The pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and legs; and its enormously developed crop, which it glories in inflating, may well excite astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a broad one. The pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and legs; and its enormously developed crop, which it glories in inflating, may well excite astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a broad one. The pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and legs; and its enormously developed crop, which it glories in inflating, may well excite astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a broad one. The pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and legs; and its enormously developed crop, which it glories in inflating, may well excite astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a broad one. The pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and legs; and its enormously developed crop, which it glories in inflating, may well excite astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a broad one. The pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and legs; and its enormously developed crop, which it glories in inflating, may well excite astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a
very very very very very –
short and conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers down the breast; and it has the habit of continually expanding slightly the upper part of the œsophagus. The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood, and it has, proportionally to its size, short and conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers down the breast; and it has the habit of continually expanding slightly the upper part of the œsophagus. The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood, and it has, proportionally to its size, short and conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers down the breast; and it has the habit of continually expanding slightly the upper part of the œsophagus. The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood; and it has, proportionally to its size, short and conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers down the breast; and it has the habit of continually expanding slightly the upper part of the œsophagus. The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood; and it has, proportionally to its size, short and conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers down the breast; and it has the habit of continually expanding slightly the upper part of the œsophagus. The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood; and it has, proportionally to its size, short and conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers down the breast; and it has the habit of continually expanding, slightly, the upper part of the œsophagus. The Jacobin has the feathers so much reversed along the back of the neck that they form a hood; and it has, proportionally to its size,
much much much much much –
elongated wing and tail feathers. The trumpeter and laugher, as their names express, utter a very different coo from the other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even forty elongated wing and tail feathers. The trumpeter and laugher, as their names express, utter a very different coo from the other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even forty elongated wing and tail feathers. The trumpeter and laugher, as their names express, utter a very different coo from the other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even forty elongated wing and tail feathers. The trumpeter and laugher, as their names express, utter a very different coo from the other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even forty elongated wing and tail feathers. The trumpeter and laugher, as their names express, utter a very different coo from the other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even forty elongated wing and tail feathers. The trumpeter and laugher, as their names express, utter a very different coo from the other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even forty
tail-feathers, tail feathers, tail-feathers, tail-feathers, tail-feathers, tail-feathers,
instead of twelve or fourteen, instead of twelve or fourteen, instead of twelve or fourteen instead of twelve or fourteen instead of twelve or fourteen instead of twelve or fourteen
– – — — — —
the normal number in all the normal number in all the normal number in all the normal number in all the normal number in all the normal number in all
– – – – – the
members of the great pigeon family; members of the great pigeon family; members of the great pigeon family; members of the great pigeon family; members of the great pigeon family; members of the great pigeon family:
and and and and and –
these feathers are kept expanded, and are carried so erect that in good birds the head and tail touch; the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might these feathers are kept expanded, and are carried so erect that in good birds the head and tail touch; the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might these feathers are kept expanded, and are carried so erect, that in good birds the head and tail touch: the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might these feathers are kept expanded, and are carried so erect, that in good birds the head and tail touch: the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might these feathers are kept expanded, and are carried so erect, that in good birds the head and tail touch: the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might these feathers are kept expanded, and are carried so erect, that in good birds the head and tail touch: the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less distinct breeds might
have been be be be be be
specified. specified. specified. specified. specified. specified.

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In the skeletons of the several breeds, the In the skeletons of the several breeds, the In the skeletons of the several breeds, the In the skeletons of the several breeds, the In the skeletons of the several breeds, the In the skeletons of the several breeds, the
development development development development develop- ment development
of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable manner. The of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable manner. The of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable manner. The of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable manner. The of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable manner. The of the bones of the face in length and breadth and curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well as the breadth and length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable manner. The
number of the number of the – – – –
caudal and sacral vertebræ vary; caudal and sacral vertebræ vary; caudal and sacral vertebræ vary caudal and sacral vertebræ vary caudal and sacral vertebræ vary caudal and sacral vertebræ vary
– – in number; in number; in number; in number;
as does the number of the ribs, together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes. The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula. The proportional width of the gape of mouth, the proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not always in strict correlation with the length of beak), the size of the crop and of the upper part of the œsophagus; the development and abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative length of as does the number of the ribs, together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes. The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula. The proportional width of the gape of mouth, the proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not always in strict correlation with the length of beak), the size of the crop and of the upper part of the œsophagus; the development and abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative length of as does the number of the ribs, together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes. The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula. The proportional width of the gape of mouth, the proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not always in strict correlation with the length of beak), the size of the crop and of the upper part of the œsophagus; the development and abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative length of as does the number of the ribs, together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes. The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula. The proportional width of the gape of mouth, the proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not always in strict correlation with the length of beak), the size of the crop and of the upper part of the œsophagus; the development and abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative length of as does the number of the ribs, together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes. The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula. The proportional width of the gape of mouth, the proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not always in strict correlation with the length of beak), the size of the crop and of the upper part of the œsophagus; the development and abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative length of as does the number of the ribs, together with their relative breadth and the presence of processes. The size and shape of the apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so is the degree of divergence and relative size of the two arms of the furcula. The proportional width of the gape of mouth, the proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not always in strict correlation with the length of beak), the size of the crop and of the upper part of the œsophagus; the development and abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative length of
– – – – – the
wing and tail to each other and to the body; the relative length of wing and tail to each other and to the body; the relative length of wing and tail to each other and to the body; the relative length of wing and tail to each other and to the body; the relative length of wing and tail to each other and to the body; the relative length of wing and tail to each other and to the body; the relative length of
– – – – – the
leg and leg and leg and leg and leg and leg and
of the feet; of the feet; of the feet; of the feet; of the feet; foot;
the number of scutellæ on the toes, the development of skin between the toes, are all points of structure which are variable. The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the state of the down with which the nestling birds are clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary. The manner of flight the number of scutellæ on the toes, the development of skin between the toes, are all points of structure which are variable. The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the state of the down with which the nestling birds are clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary. The manner of flight the number of scutellæ on the toes, the development of skin between the toes, are all points of structure which are variable. The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the state of the down with which the nestling birds are clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary. The manner of flight, the number of scutellæ on the toes, the development of skin between the toes, are all points of structure which are variable. The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the state of the down with which the nestling birds are clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary. The manner of flight, the number of scutellæ on the toes, the development of skin between the toes, are all points of structure which are variable. The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the state of the down with which the nestling birds are clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary. The manner of flight, the number of scutellæ on the toes, the development of skin between the toes, are all points of structure which are variable. The period at which the perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the state of the down with which the nestling birds are clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary. The manner of flight,
differs remarkably; as does in some breeds the voice and disposition. differs remarkably; as does in some breeds the voice and disposition. and in some breeds the voice and disposition, differ and in some breeds the voice and disposition, differ and in some breeds the voice and disposition, differ and in some breeds the voice and disposition, differ
– – remarkably. re- markably. remarkably. remarkably.
Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and females have come to differ Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and females have come to differ Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and females have come to differ Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and females have come to differ Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and females have come to differ Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and females have come to differ
to to to in in in
a slight degree from each other. a slight degree from each other. a slight degree from each other. a slight degree from each other. a slight degree from each other. a slight degree from each other.

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Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly, Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly, Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which, if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which, if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which, if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be chosen, which, if shown to an ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild birds, would certainly
I think, I think, – – – –
be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would be ranked by him as well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe that any ornithologist would
– – – – – in this case
place the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds, or species as he place the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds, or species as he place the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds, or species as he place the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds, or species as he place the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds, or species as he place the English carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the barb, pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more especially as in each of these breeds several truly-inherited sub-breeds, or species, as he
might might might would would would
have called have called have called have called have called call
them, could be shown him. them, could be shown him. them, could be shown him. them, could be shown him. them, could be shown him. them, could be shown him.

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Great as Great as Great as Great as Great as Great as
– – – – – are
the differences the differences the differences the differences the differences the differences
are are are are are –
between the breeds of between the breeds of between the breeds of between the breeds of between the breeds of between the breeds of
pigeons, pigeons, pigeons, pigeons, pigeons, the pigeon,
I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all I am fully convinced that the common opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that all
have have have have are are descended from the rock pigeon
descended from the rock-pigeon descended from the rock-pigeon descended from the rock-pigeon descended from the rock-pigeon descended from the rock-pigeon –
(Columba livia), including under this term several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them. If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a pouter be produced by crossing two breeds unless one of the parent-stocks (Columba livia), including under this term several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them. If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a pouter be produced by crossing two breeds unless one of the parent-stocks (Columba livia), including under this term several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them. If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a pouter be produced by crossing two breeds unless one of the parent-stocks (Columba livia), including under this term several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them. If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a pouter be produced by crossing two breeds unless one of the parent-stocks (Columba livia), including under this term several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them. If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a pouter be produced by crossing two breeds unless one of the parent-stocks (Columba livia), including under this term several geographical races or sub-species, which differ from each other in the most trifling respects. As several of the reasons which have led me to this belief are in some degree applicable in other cases, I will here briefly give them. If the several breeds are not varieties, and have not proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have descended from at least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make the present domestic breeds by the crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance, could a pouter be produced by crossing two breeds unless one of the parent-stocks
possessed possessed possessed possesse possessed possessed
the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons, that is, the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons, that is, the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons, that is, the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons, that is, the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons, that is, the characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons, that is,
not breeding not breeding not breeding not breeding not breeding they did not breed
or willingly or willingly or willingly or willingly or willingly or willingly
perching perching perching perching perching perch
on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of rock-pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists; and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of rock-pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists; and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of rock-pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists; and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of rock-pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists; and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of rock-pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists; and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems on trees. But besides C. livia, with its geographical sub-species, only two or three other species of rock-pigeons are known; and these have not any of the characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the countries where they were originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to ornithologists; and this, considering their size, habits, and remarkable characters, seems
very very very very – –
improbable; or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds breeding on precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the rock-pigeon seems improbable; or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds breeding on precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the rock-pigeon seems improbable; or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds breeding on precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the rock-pigeon seems improbable; or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds breeding on precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the rock-pigeon seems improbable; or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds breeding on precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the rock-pigeon seems improbable; or they must have become extinct in the wild state. But birds breeding on precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits with the domestic breeds, has not been exterminated even on several of the smaller British islets, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hence the supposed extermination of so many species having similar habits with the rock-pigeon seems
to to to to – –
me me me be – –
a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have been transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have been transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have been transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have been transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have been transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has a very rash assumption. Moreover, the several above-named domesticated breeds have been transported to all parts of the world, and, therefore, some of them must have been carried back again into their native country; but not one has
ever ever ever ever ever –
become wild or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon, which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is become wild or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon, which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is become wild or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon, which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is become wild or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon, which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is become wild or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon, which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is become wild or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon, which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly altered state, has become feral in several places. Again, all recent experience shows that it is
most most – – – –
difficult to get difficult to get difficult to get difficult to get difficult to get difficult to get
any any any any any –
wild wild wild wild wild wild
animal animal animal animal animal animals
to breed freely under domestication; yet on the hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven or eight species were so thoroughly domesticated in ancient times by to breed freely under domestication; yet on the hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven or eight species were so thoroughly domesticated in ancient times by to breed freely under domestication; yet, on the hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven or eight species were so thoroughly domesticated in ancient times by to breed freely under domestication; yet, on the hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven or eight species were so thoroughly domesticated in ancient times by to breed freely under domestication; yet, on the hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven or eight species were so thoroughly domesticated in ancient times by to breed freely under domestication; yet, on the hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven or eight species were so thoroughly domesticated in ancient times by
half-civilized half-civilized half-civilized half-civilized half-civilized half-civilised
man, as to be quite prolific under confinement. man, as to be quite prolific under confinement. man, as to be quite prolific under confinement. man, as to be quite prolific under confinement. man, as to be quite prolific under confinement. man, as to be quite prolific under confinement.

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An argument, An argument, An argument, An argument, An argument An argument
as it seems to me, as it seems to me, as it seems to me, as it seems to me, – –
of great weight, and applicable in several other cases, is, that the of great weight, and applicable in several other cases, is, that the of great weight, and applicable in several other cases, is, that the of great weight, and applicable in several other cases, is, that the of great weight, and applicable in several other cases, is, that the of great weight, and applicable in several other cases, is, that the
above-specified above-specified above specified above-specified above-specified above-specified
breeds, though agreeing generally breeds, though agreeing generally breeds, though agreeing generally breeds, though agreeing generally breeds, though agreeing generally breeds, though agreeing generally
– – – – with the wild rock-pigeon with the wild rock-pigeon
in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure, in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure, in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure, in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure, in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure, in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure,
with the wild rock-pigeon, with the wild rock-pigeon, with the wild rock-pigeon, with the wild rock-pigeon, – –
yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts; yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts;
of their structure: of their structure; of their structure; of their structure; – –
we may look in vain we may look in vain we may look in vain we may look in vain we may look in vain we may look in vain
throughout throughout throughout throughout throughout through
the whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or barb; for reversed feathers like those of the jacobin; for a crop like that of the pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the fantail. Hence it must be assumed not only that the whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or barb; for reversed feathers like those of the Jacobin; for a crop like that of the pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the fantail. Hence it must be assumed not only that the whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or barb; for reversed feathers like those of the Jacobin; for a crop like that of the pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the fantail. Hence it must be assumed not only that the whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or barb; for reversed feathers like those of the Jacobin; for a crop like that of the pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the fantail. Hence it must be assumed not only that the whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or barb; for reversed feathers like those of the Jacobin; for a crop like that of the pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the fantail. Hence it must be assumed not only that the whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or barb; for reversed feathers like those of the Jacobin; for a crop like that of the pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the fantail. Hence it must be assumed not only that
half-civilized half-civilized half-civilized half-civilized half-civilized half-civilised
man succeeded in thoroughly domesticating several species, but that he intentionally or by chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal species; and further, that these very species have since all become extinct or unknown. So many strange contingencies man succeeded in thoroughly domesticating several species, but that he intentionally or by chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal species; and further, that these very species have since all become extinct or unknown. So many strange contingencies man succeeded in thoroughly domesticating several species, but that he intentionally or by chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal species; and further, that these very species have since all become extinct or unknown. So many strange contingencies man succeeded in thoroughly domesticating several species, but that he intentionally or by chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal species; and further, that these very species have since all become extinct or unknown. So many strange contingencies man succeeded in thoroughly domesticating several species, but that he intentionally or by chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal species; and further, that these very species have since all become extinct or unknown. So many strange contingencies man succeeded in thoroughly domesticating several species, but that he intentionally or by chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal species; and further, that these very species have since all become extinct or unknown. So many strange contingencies
seem to me seem to me are are are are
improbable in the highest degree. improbable in the highest degree. improbable in the highest degree. improbable in the highest degree. improbable in the highest degree. improbable in the highest degree.

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Some facts in regard to the colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration. The Some facts in regard to the colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration. The Some facts in regard to the colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration. The Some facts in regard to the colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration. The Some facts in regard to the colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration. The Some facts in regard to the colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration. The
rock-pigeon rock-pigeon rock-pigeon rock-pigeon rock-pigeon rock pigeon
is of a slaty-blue, is of a slaty-blue, is of a slaty-blue, is of a slaty-blue, is of a slaty-blue, is of a slaty-blue,
and has a and has a and has a and has a with with white loins; but
white white white white white –
rump rump croup croup loins; –
(the Indian sub-species, C. (the Indian sub-species, C. (the Indian sub-species, C. (the Indian sub-species, C. the Indian sub-species, C. the Indian sub-species, C.
intermedia intermedia intermedia intermedia inter- media intermedia
of Strickland, of Strickland, of Strickland, of Strickland, of Strickland, of Strickland,
having having having having having has
it it it it this part this part
bluish); the tail has a terminal dark bar, with the bluish); the tail has a terminal dark bar, with the bluish); the tail has a terminal dark bar, with the bluish); the tail has a terminal dark bar, with the bluish; the tail has a terminal dark bar, with the bluish. The tail has a terminal dark bar, with the
bases of the bases of the bases of the bases of the – –
outer feathers externally edged outer feathers externally edged outer feathers externally edged outer feathers externally edged outer feathers externally edged outer feathers externally edged
– – – – at the base at the base
with white; the wings have two black bars; some semi-domestic breeds and some with white; the wings have two black bars; some semi-domestic breeds and some with white; the wings have two black bars: some semi-domestic breeds, and some with white; the wings have two black bars: some semi-domestic breeds, and some with white; the wings have two black bars. Some semi-domestic breeds, and some with white. The wings have two black bars. Some semi-domestic breeds, and some
apparently apparently apparently apparently – –
truly wild breeds have, besides the two black bars, the wings chequered with black. These several marks do not occur together in any other species of the whole family. Now, in every one of the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the white edging of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when truly wild breeds have, besides the two black bars, the wings chequered with black. These several marks do not occur together in any other species of the whole family. Now, in every one of the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the white edging of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when truly wild breeds, have, besides the two black bars, the wings chequered with black. These several marks do not occur together in any other species of the whole family. Now, in every one of the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the white edging of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when truly wild breeds, have, besides the two black bars, the wings chequered with black. These several marks do not occur together in any other species of the whole family. Now, in every one of the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the white edging of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when truly wild breeds, have, besides the two black bars, the wings chequered with black. These several marks do not occur together in any other species of the whole family. Now, in every one of the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the white edging of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when truly wild breeds, have, besides the two black bars, the wings chequered with black. These several marks do not occur together in any other species of the whole family. Now, in every one of the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the white edging of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when
two two – – – –
birds belonging to two birds belonging to two birds belonging to two birds belonging to two birds belonging to two birds belonging to two
distinct breeds are crossed, neither of which is blue or has distinct breeds are crossed, neither of which is blue or has or more distinct breeds are crossed, none of which are blue or have or more distinct breeds are crossed, none of which are blue or have or more distinct breeds are crossed, none of which are blue or have or more distinct breeds are crossed, none of which are blue or have
any of the above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these characters; any of the above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these characters; any of the above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these characters. any of the above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these characters. any of the above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these characters. any of the above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these characters.
for instance, for instance, To give one instance out of several which I have observed: — To give one instance out of several which I have observed: — To give one instance out of several which I have observed: — To give one instance out of several which I have observed: —
I crossed some I crossed some I crossed some I crossed some I crossed some I crossed some
uniformly uniformly – – – –
white fantails white fantails white fantails, white fantails, white fantails, white fantails,
with some uniformly black barbs, and they produced mottled brown and black birds; these I again crossed together, and one grandchild of the pure white fantail and pure black barb was with some uniformly black barbs, and they produced mottled brown and black birds; these I again crossed together, and one grandchild of the pure white fantail and pure black barb was which breed very true, with some black barbs — and it so happens that blue varieties of barbs are so rare that I never heard of an instance in England; and the mongrels were black, brown, and mottled. I also crossed a barb with a spot, which is a white bird with a red tail and red spot on the forehead, and which notoriously breeds very true; the mongrels were dusky and mottled. I then crossed one of the mongrel barb-fantails with a mongrel barb-spot, and they produced a bird which breed very true, with some black barbs — and it so happens that blue varieties of barbs are so rare that I never heard of an instance in England; and the mongrels were black, brown, and mottled. I also crossed a barb with a spot, which is a white bird with a red tail and red spot on the forehead, and which notoriously breeds very true; the mongrels were dusky and mottled. I then crossed one of the mongrel barb-fantails with a mongrel barb-spot, and they produced a bird which breed very true, with some black barbs — and it so happens that blue varieties of barbs are so rare that I never heard of an instance in England; and the mongrels were black, brown, and mottled. I also crossed a barb with a spot, which is a white bird with a red tail and red spot on the forehead, and which notoriously breeds very true; the mongrels were dusky and mottled. I then crossed one of the mongrel barb-fantails with a mongrel barb-spot, and they produced a bird of as beautiful a blue colour, with the white loins, double black wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild which breed very true, with some black barbs — and it so happens that blue varieties of barbs are so rare that I never heard of an instance in England; and the mongrels were black, brown, and mottled. I also crossed a barb with a spot, which is a white bird with a red tail and red spot on the forehead, and which notoriously breeds very true; the mongrels were dusky and mottled. I then crossed one of the mongrel barb-fantails with a mongrel barb-spot, and they produced a bird of as beautiful a blue colour, with the white loins, double black wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild
of as beautiful a blue colour, with the white of as beautiful a blue colour, with the white of as beautiful a blue colour, with the white of as beautiful a blue colour, with the white rock-pigeon! rock pigeon!
rump, rump, croup, croup, We can understand these facts, on the well-known principle of reversion to ancestral characters, if all the domestic breeds are descended from the We can understand these facts, on the well-known principle of reversion to ancestral characters, if all the domestic breeds are descended from the
double black wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild rock-pigeon! We can understand these facts, on the well-known principle of reversion to ancestral characters, double black wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild rock-pigeon! We can understand these facts, on the well-known principle of reversion to ancestral characters, double black wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild rock-pigeon! We can understand these facts, on the well-known principle of reversion to ancestral characters double black wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild rock-pigeon! We can understand these facts, on the well-known principle of reversion to ancestral characters, rock-pigeon. rock pigeon.
– – (confined, as far as I have seen, to colour alone), – But if we deny this, we must make one of the two following highly improbable suppositions. Either, first, that all the several imagined aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like the But if we deny this, we must make one of the two following highly improbable suppositions. Either, first, that all the several imagined aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like the
if all the domestic breeds have descended from the rock-pigeon. But if we deny this, we must make one of the two following highly improbable suppositions. Either, firstly, that all the several imagined aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like the rock-pigeon, although no other existing species is thus coloured and marked, so that in each separate breed there might be a tendency to revert to the very same colours and markings. Or, secondly, that each breed, even the purest, has within a dozen or, at most, within a score of generations, been crossed by the rock-pigeon: I say within a dozen or twenty generations, for we know of no fact countenancing the belief that the child ever reverts to some one ancestor, removed by a greater number of generations. In a breed which has been crossed only once with some distinct breed, the tendency to reversion to any character derived from such cross will naturally become less and less, as in each succeeding generation there will be less of the foreign blood; but when there has been no cross with a distinct breed, and there is a tendency in both parents to revert to a character, which has been if all the domestic breeds have descended from the rock-pigeon. But if we deny this, we must make one of the two following highly improbable suppositions. Either, firstly, that all the several imagined aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like the rock-pigeon, although no other existing species is thus coloured and marked, so that in each separate breed there might be a tendency to revert to the very same colours and markings. Or, secondly, that each breed, even the purest, has within a dozen or, at most, within a score of generations, been crossed by the rock-pigeon: I say within a dozen or twenty generations, for we know of no fact countenancing the belief that the child ever reverts to some one ancestor, removed by a greater number of generations. In a breed which has been crossed only once with some distinct breed, the tendency to reversion to any character derived from such cross will naturally become less and less, as in each succeeding generation there will be less of the foreign blood; but when there has been no cross with a distinct breed, and there is a tendency in both parents to revert to a character, which has been if all the domestic breeds have descended from the rock-pigeon. But if we deny this, we must make one of the two following highly improbable suppositions. Either, firstly, that all the several imagined aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like the rock-pigeon, although no other existing species is thus coloured and marked, so that in each separate breed there might be a tendency to revert to the very same colours and markings. Or, secondly, that each breed, even the purest, has within a dozen, or at most within a score, of generations, been crossed by the rock-pigeon: I say within a dozen or twenty generations, for we know of no fact countenancing the belief that the child ever reverts to some one ancestor, removed by a greater number of generations. In a breed which has been crossed only once with some distinct breed, the tendency to reversion to any character derived from such cross will naturally become less and less, as in each succeeding generation there will be less of the foreign blood; but when there has been no cross with a distinct breed, and there is a tendency in both parents to revert to a character which has been if all the domestic breeds have descended from the rock-pigeon. But if we deny this, we must make one of the two following highly improbable suppositions. Either, firstly, that all the several imagined aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like the rock-pigeon, although no other existing species is thus coloured and marked, so that in each separate breed there might be a tendency to revert to the very same colours and markings. Or, secondly, that each breed, even the purest, has within a dozen, or at most within a score, of generations, been crossed by the rock-pigeon: I say within a dozen or twenty generations, for we know of no fact countenancing the belief that the child ever reverts to some one ancestor, removed by a greater number of generations. In a breed which has been crossed only once with some distinct breed, the tendency to reversion to any character derived from such cross will naturally become less and less, as in each succeeding generation there will be less of the foreign blood; but when there has been no cross with a distinct breed, and there is a tendency in both parents to revert to a character which has been rock-pigeon, rock pigeon,
– – – – although no other existing species is thus coloured and marked, so that in each separate breed there might be a tendency to revert to the very same colours and markings. Or, secondly, that each breed, even the purest, has within a dozen, or at most within a score, of generations, been crossed by the although no other existing species is thus coloured and marked, so that in each separate breed there might be a tendency to revert to the very same colours and markings. Or, secondly, that each breed, even the purest, has within a dozen, or at most within a score, of generations, been crossed by the
– – – – rock-pigeon: rock pigeon;
– – – – I say within a dozen or twenty generations, for no instance is known of crossed descendants reverting to an ancestor of foreign blood, removed by a greater number of generations. In a breed which has been crossed only once, the tendency to revert to any character derived from such a cross will naturally become less and less, as in each succeeding generation there will be less of the foreign blood; but when there has been no cross, and there is a tendency in the breed to revert to a character which was I say within a dozen or twenty generations, for no instance is known of crossed descendants reverting to an ancestor of foreign blood, removed by a greater number of generations. In a breed which has been crossed only once, the tendency to revert to any character derived from such a cross will naturally become less and less, as in each succeeding generation there will be less of the foreign blood; but when there has been no cross, and there is a tendency in the breed to revert to a character which was
lost during some former generation, this tendency, for all that we can see to the contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an indefinite number of generations. These two lost during some former generation, this tendency, for all that we can see to the contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an indefinite number of generations. These two lost during some former generation, this tendency, for all that we can see to the contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an indefinite number of generations. These two lost during some former generation, this tendency, for all that we can see to the contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an indefinite number of generations. These two lost during some former generation, this tendency, for all that we can see to the contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an indefinite number of generations. These two lost during some former generation, this tendency, for all that we can see to the contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an indefinite number of generations. These two
– – quite quite – –
distinct cases distinct cases distinct cases distinct cases distinct cases distinct cases
– – – – of reversion of reversion
are often confounded are often confounded are often confounded are often confounded are often confounded are often confounded
in treatises in treatises – – together together
– – by those who have written by those who have written by those who have written by those who have written
on inheritance. on inheritance. on inheritance. on inheritance. on inheritance. on inheritance.

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Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between all the Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between all the Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between all the Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between all the Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between all the Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between all the
domestic breeds of pigeons are perfectly fertile. domestic breeds of pigeons are perfectly fertile. domestic breeds of pigeons are perfectly fertile. domestic breeds of pigeons are perfectly fertile. domestic breeds of pigeons are perfectly fertile. breeds of the pigeon are perfectly fertile, as
I can state I can state I can state I can state I can state I can state
this this this this this –
from my own observations, purposely made on the most distinct breeds. Now, from my own observations, purposely made, on the most distinct breeds. Now, from my own observations, purposely made, on the most distinct breeds. Now, from my own observations, purposely made, on the most distinct breeds. Now, from my own observations, purposely made, on the most distinct breeds. Now, from my own observations, purposely made, on the most distinct breeds. Now,
it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case of the hybrid offspring of it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case of the hybrid offspring of it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case of the hybrid offspring of it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case of the hybrid offspring of it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case of the hybrid offspring of hardly any cases have been ascertained with certainty of hybrids from
two two two two two two
animals clearly distinct animals clearly distinct animals clearly distinct animals clearly distinct animals clearly distinct quite distinct species of animals
being being being being being being
themselves themselves themselves themselves themselves –
perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long-continued domestication eliminates this strong tendency to sterility: perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long-continued domestication eliminates this strong tendency to sterility: perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long-continued domestication eliminates this strong tendency to sterility: perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long-continued domestication eliminates this strong tendency to sterility: perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long-continued domestication eliminates this strong tendency to sterility: perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long-continued domestication eliminates this strong tendency to sterility
– – – – – in species.
from the history of the dog from the history of the dog from the history of the dog from the history of the dog, from the history of the dog, From the history of the dog,
I think I think I think and of some other domestic animals, and of some other domestic animals, and of some other domestic animals, this conclusion is probably quite correct,
there is there is there is there is there is –
some some some great great –
probability in this hypothesis, probability in this hypothesis, probability in this hypothesis, probability in this hypothesis, probability in this hypothesis, –
if applied to species closely related if applied to species closely related if applied to species closely related if applied to species closely related if applied to species closely related if applied to species closely related
together, together, together, to each other, to each other, to each other.
though it is unsupported by a single experiment. though it is unsupported by a single experiment. though it is unsupported by a single experiment. though it is unsupported by a single experiment. though it is unsupported by a single experiment. –
But to extend But to extend But to extend But to extend But to extend But to extend
the hypothesis the hypothesis the hypothesis the hypothesis the hypothesis it
so far as to suppose that species, aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now are, should yield offspring perfectly fertile, inter se so far as to suppose that species, aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now are, should yield offspring perfectly fertile, inter se so far as to suppose that species, aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now are, should yield offspring perfectly fertile inter se so far as to suppose that species, aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now are, should yield offspring perfectly fertile inter se so far as to suppose that species, aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now are, should yield offspring perfectly fertile inter se, so far as to suppose that species, aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now are, should yield offspring perfectly fertile inter se
, , , , – ,
seems to me seems to me seems to me seems to me seems to me would be
rash in the extreme. rash in the extreme. rash in the extreme. rash in the extreme. rash in the extreme. rash in the extreme.

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From these several reasons, namely, From these several reasons, namely, From these several reasons, namely, From these several reasons, namely, From these several reasons, namely, From these several reasons, namely,
– – – – – —
the improbability of man having formerly the improbability of man having formerly the improbability of man having formerly the improbability of man having formerly the improbability of man having formerly the improbability of man having formerly
got got got got got made
seven or eight supposed species of pigeons to breed freely under domestication; seven or eight supposed species of pigeons to breed freely under domestication; seven or eight supposed species of pigeons to breed freely under domestication; seven or eight supposed species of pigeons to breed freely under domestication; seven or eight supposed species of pigeons to breed freely under domestication; seven or eight supposed species of pigeons to breed freely under domestication;
– – – – – —
these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their these supposed species being quite unknown in a wild state, and their
becoming nowhere becoming nowhere becoming nowhere becoming nowhere becoming nowhere not having become anywhere
feral; feral; feral; feral; feral; feral;
these species having these species having these species having these species having these species having — these species presenting certain
very abnormal characters very abnormal characters very abnormal characters very abnormal characters very abnormal characters very abnormal characters,
in certain respects, in certain respects, in certain respects, in certain respects, in certain respects, –
as compared with all other Columbidæ, though so like as compared with all other Columbidæ, though so like as compared with all other Columbidæ, though so like as compared with all other Columbidæ, though so like as compared with all other Columbidæ, though so like as compared with all other Columbidæ, though so like
– – – – – the rock-pigeon
in most in most in most in most in most in most
other respects to the rock-pigeon; other respects to the rock-pigeon; other respects to the rock-pigeon; other respects to the rock-pigeon; other respects to the rock-pigeon; respects; — the occasional re-appearance of
the blue colour and various the blue colour and various the blue colour and various the blue colour and various the blue colour and various the blue colour and various
– – black black black black
marks marks marks marks marks marks
occasionally appearing occasionally appearing occasionally appearing occasionally appearing occasionally appearing –
in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed; in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed; in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed; in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed; in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed; in all the breeds, both when kept pure and when crossed;
– – – – – — and lastly,
the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile; — from these several reasons, taken together, the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile; — from these several reasons, taken together, the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile; — from these several reasons, taken together, the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile; — from these several reasons, taken together, the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile; — from these several reasons, taken together, the mongrel offspring being perfectly fertile; — from these several reasons, taken together,
I can feel no doubt I can feel no doubt we may safely conclude we may safely conclude we may safely conclude we may safely conclude
that all our domestic breeds that all our domestic breeds that all our domestic breeds that all our domestic breeds that all our domestic breeds that all our domestic breeds
have have have have have are
descended from the descended from the descended from the descended from the descended from the descended from the
– – – – – rock-pigeon or
Columba livia with its geographical sub-species. Columba livia with its geographical sub-species. Columba livia with its geographical subspecies. Columba livia with its geographical sub-species. Columba livia with its geographical sub-species. Columba livia with its geographical sub-species.

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In favour of this view, I may add, In favour of this view, I may add, In favour of this view, I may add, In favour of this view, I may add, In favour of this view, I may add, In favour of this view, I may add,
firstly, firstly, firstly, firstly, first, firstly,
that that that that that that
– – – – – the wild
C. livia, C. livia, C. livia, C. livia, C. livia, C. livia
or the rock-pigeon, or the rock-pigeon, or the rock-pigeon, or the rock-pigeon, or the rock-pigeon, –
has been found capable of domestication in Europe and in India; and that it agrees in habits and in a great number of points of structure with all the domestic breeds. Secondly, has been found capable of domestication in Europe and in India; and that it agrees in habits and in a great number of points of structure with all the domestic breeds. Secondly, has been found capable of domestication in Europe and in India; and that it agrees in habits and in a great number of points of structure with all the domestic breeds. Secondly, has been found capable of domestication in Europe and in India; and that it agrees in habits and in a great number of points of structure with all the domestic breeds. Secondly, has been found capable of domestication in Europe and in India; and that it agrees in habits and in a great number of points of structure with all the domestic breeds. Secondly, has been found capable of domestication in Europe and in India; and that it agrees in habits and in a great number of points of structure with all the domestic breeds. Secondly,
– – – – – that,
although an English carrier or although an English carrier or although an English carrier or although an English carrier or although an English carrier or although an English carrier or
– – – a a a
short-faced tumbler differs immensely in certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet short-faced tumbler differs immensely in certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet short-faced tumbler differs immensely in certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet short-faced tumbler differs immensely in certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet short-faced tumbler differs immensely in certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet short-faced tumbler differs immensely in certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet
– – – – – that,
by comparing the several sub-breeds of these by comparing the several sub-breeds of these by comparing the several sub-breeds of these by comparing the several sub-breeds of these by comparing the several sub-breeds of these by comparing the several sub-breeds of these
breeds, varieties, varieties, varieties, varieties, two races, more especially those brought from distant countries, we can make, between them and the rock pigeon, an almost perfect series; so we can in some other cases, but not with all the breeds.
more especially those brought from distant countries, we can make more especially those brought from distant countries, we can make more especially those brought from distant countries, we can make more especially those brought from distant countries, we can make more especially those brought from distant countries, we can make –
– – – in these two cases, and in some but not in all other cases, in these two cases, and in some but not in all other cases, –
an almost perfect series between the extremes of structure. an almost perfect series between the extremes of structure. an almost perfect series between the extremes of structure. an almost perfect series between the extremes of structure. an almost perfect series between the extremes of structure. –
Thirdly, those characters which are mainly distinctive of each breed, Thirdly, those characters which are mainly distinctive of each breed, Thirdly, those characters which are mainly distinctive of each breed, Thirdly, those characters which are mainly distinctive of each breed, Thirdly, those characters which are mainly distinctive of each breed, Thirdly, those characters which are mainly distinctive of each breed
– – – – – are in each eminently variable,
for instance the wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler, and the number of tail-feathers in the fantail, for instance the wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler, and the number of tail-feathers in the fantail, for instance the wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler, and the number of tail-feathers in the fantail, for instance the wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler, and the number of tail-feathers in the fantail, for instance the wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler, and the number of tail-feathers in the fantail, for instance the wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler, and the number of tail-feathers in the fantail;
are in each breed eminently variable; are in each breed eminently variable; are in each breed eminently variable; are in each breed eminently variable; are in each breed eminently variable; –
and the explanation of this fact will be obvious when we and the explanation of this fact will be obvious when we and the explanation of this fact will be obvious when we and the explanation of this fact will be obvious when we and the explanation of this fact will be obvious when we and the explanation of this fact will be obvious when we
come to come to come to come to come to –
treat of selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been watched, and tended with the utmost care, and loved by many people. They have been domesticated for thousands of years in several quarters of the world; the earliest known record of pigeons is in the fifth ægyptian dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons are given in a bill of fare in the previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons; "nay, they are come to this pass, that they can reckon up their pedigree and race." Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India, about the year 1600; never less than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the court. "The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent him some very rare birds;" and, continues the courtly historian, "His Majesty by crossing the breeds, which method was never practised before, has improved them astonishingly." About this same period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount importance of these considerations in explaining the immense amount of variation which pigeons have undergone, will treat of selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been watched, and tended with the utmost care, and loved by many people. They have been domesticated for thousands of years in several quarters of the world; the earliest known record of pigeons is in the fifth ægyptian dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons are given in a bill of fare in the previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons; "nay, they are come to this pass, that they can reckon up their pedigree and race." Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India, about the year 1600; never less than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the court. "The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent him some very rare birds;" and, continues the courtly historian, "His Majesty by crossing the breeds, which method was never practised before, has improved them astonishingly." About this same period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount importance of these considerations in explaining the immense amount of variation which pigeons have undergone, will treat of Selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been watched and tended with the utmost care, and loved by many people. They have been domesticated for thousands of years in several quarters of the world; the earliest known record of pigeons is in the fifth ægyptian dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons are given in a bill of fare in the previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons; "nay, they are come to this pass, that they can reckon up their pedigree and race." Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India, about the year 1600; never less than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the court. "The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent him some very rare birds;" and, continues the courtly historian, "His Majesty by crossing the breeds, which method was never practised before, has improved them astonishingly." About this same period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount importance of these considerations in explaining the immense amount of variation which pigeons have undergone, will treat of Selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been watched and tended with the utmost care, and loved by many people. They have been domesticated for thousands of years in several quarters of the world; the earliest known record of pigeons is in the fifth Ægyptian dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons are given in a bill of fare in the previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons; "nay, they are come to this pass, that they can reckon up their pedigree and race." Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India, about the year 1600; never less than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the court. "The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent him some very rare birds;" and, continues the courtly historian, "His Majesty by crossing the breeds, which method was never practised before, has improved them astonishingly." About this same period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount importance of these considerations in explaining the immense amount of variation which pigeons have undergone, will treat of Selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been watched and tended with the utmost care, and loved by many people. They have been domesticated for thousands of years in several quarters of the world; the earliest known record of pigeons is in the fifth Ægyptian dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons are given in a bill of fare in the previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons; "nay, they are come to this pass, that they can reckon up their pedigree and race." Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India, about the year 1600; never less than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the court. "The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent him some very rare birds;" and, continues the courtly historian, "His Majesty by crossing the breeds, which method was never practised before, has improved them astonishingly." About this same period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount importance of these considerations in explaining the immense amount of variation which pigeons have undergone, will treat of Selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been watched and tended with the utmost care, and loved by many people. They have been domesticated for thousands of years in several quarters of the world; the earliest known record of pigeons is in the fifth ægyptian dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons are given in a bill of fare in the previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons; "nay, they are come to this pass, that they can reckon up their pedigree and race." Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India, about the year 1600; never less than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the court. "The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent him some very rare birds"; and, continues the courtly historian, "His Majesty by crossing the breeds, which method was never practised before, has improved them astonishingly." About this same period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount importance of these considerations in explaining the immense amount of variation which pigeons have undergone, will
– – – – – likewise
be obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall then, also, see how it is that the be obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall then, also, see how it is that the be obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall then, also, see how it is that the be obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall then, also, see how it is that the be obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall then, also, see how it is that the be obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall then, also, see how it is that the
– – several several several several
breeds so often have a somewhat monstrous character. It is also a most favourable circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary. breeds so often have a somewhat monstrous character. It is also a most favourable circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary. breeds so often have a somewhat monstrous character. It is also a most favourable circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary. breeds so often have a somewhat monstrous character. It is also a most favourable circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary. breeds so often have a somewhat monstrous character. It is also a most favourable circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary. breeds so often have a somewhat monstrous character. It is also a most favourable circumstance for the production of distinct breeds, that male and female pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus different breeds can be kept together in the same aviary.

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I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds, I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds, I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds, I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds, I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds, I have discussed the probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length; because when I first kept pigeons and watched the several kinds,
knowing well how true they bred, knowing well how true they bred, knowing well how true they bred, well knowing how truly they breed, well knowing how truly they breed, well knowing how truly they breed,
I felt fully as much difficulty in believing that I felt fully as much difficulty in believing that I felt fully as much difficulty in believing that I felt fully as much difficulty in believing that I felt fully as much difficulty in believing that I felt fully as much difficulty in believing that
– – since since since since
they they they they they they
could could were had been had been had been
ever – domesticated they domesticated they domesticated they domesticated they
– – could all had all proceeded had all proceeded had all proceeded
have descended have descended have descended – – –
from a common parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a similar conclusion in regard to the many species of finches, or other from a common parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a similar conclusion in regard to the many species of finches, or other from a common parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a similar conclusion in regard to the many species of finches, or other from a common parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a similar conclusion in regard to the many species of finches, or other from a common parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a similar conclusion in regard to the many species of finches, or other from a common parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a similar conclusion in regard to the many species of finches, or other
large large large large – –
groups of birds, in nature. One circumstance has struck me much; namely, that groups of birds, in nature. One circumstance has struck me much; namely, that groups of birds, in nature. One circumstance has struck me much; namely, that groups of birds, in nature. One circumstance has struck me much; namely, that groups of birds, in nature. One circumstance has struck me much; namely, that groups of birds, in nature. One circumstance has struck me much; namely, that
– – nearly nearly nearly nearly
all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, with whom I have all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, with whom I have all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, with whom I have all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, with whom I have all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, with whom I have all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, with whom I have
ever ever – – – –
conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species. Ask, as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not have descended from long-horns, conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species. Ask, as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not have descended from long-horns, conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species. Ask, as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not have descended from long-horns, conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species. Ask, as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not have descended from Long-horns, conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species. Ask, as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not have descended from Long-horns, conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which each has attended, are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species. Ask, as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not have descended from Long-horns,
– – – or both from a common parent-stock, or both from a common parent-stock, or both from a common parent-stock,
and he will laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or poultry, and he will laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or poultry, and he will laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or poultry, and he will laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or poultry, and he will laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or poultry, and he will laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or poultry,
– – – – or-duck, –
or or or or or or
duck, or duck, or duck, or duck, or – duck, or
rabbit fancier, who was not fully convinced that each main breed was descended from a distinct species. Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable other examples could be given. The explanation, I think, is simple: from long-continued study they are strongly impressed with the differences between the several races; and though they well know that each race varies slightly, for they win their prizes by selecting such slight differences, yet they ignore all general arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds slight differences accumulated during many rabbit fancier, who was not fully convinced that each main breed was descended from a distinct species. Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable other examples could be given. The explanation, I think, is simple: from long-continued study they are strongly impressed with the differences between the several races; and though they well know that each race varies slightly, for they win their prizes by selecting such slight differences, yet they ignore all general arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds slight differences accumulated during many rabbit fancier, who was not fully convinced that each main breed was descended from a distinct species. Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable other examples could be given. The explanation, I think, is simple: from long-continued study they are strongly impressed with the differences between the several races; and though they well know that each race varies slightly, for they win their prizes by selecting such slight differences, yet they ignore all general arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds slight differences accumulated during many rabbit fancier, who was not fully convinced that each main breed was descended from a distinct species. Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable other examples could be given. The explanation, I think, is simple: from long-continued study they are strongly impressed with the differences between the several races; and though they well know that each race varies slightly, for they win their prizes by selecting such slight differences, yet they ignore all general arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds slight differences accumulated during many rabbit fancier, who was not fully convinced that each main breed was descended from a distinct species. Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable other examples could be given. The explanation, I think, is simple: from long-continued study they are strongly impressed with the differences between the several races; and though they well know that each race varies slightly, for they win their prizes by selecting such slight differences, yet they ignore all general arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds slight differences accumulated during many rabbit fancier, who was not fully convinced that each main breed was descended from a distinct species. Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable other examples could be given. The explanation, I think, is simple: from long-continued study they are strongly impressed with the differences between the several races; and though they well know that each race varies slightly, for they win their prizes by selecting such slight differences, yet they ignore all general arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds slight differences accumulated during many
successive successive successive successive sucecssive successive
generations. May not those naturalists who, knowing far less of the laws of inheritance than does the breeder, and knowing no more than he does of the intermediate links in the long lines of descent, yet admit that many of our domestic races generations. May not those naturalists who, knowing far less of the laws of inheritance than does the breeder, and knowing no more than he does of the intermediate links in the long lines of descent, yet admit that many of our domestic races generations. May not those naturalists who, knowing far less of the laws of inheritance than does the breeder, and knowing no more than he does of the intermediate links in the long lines of descent, yet admit that many of our domestic races generations. May not those naturalists who, knowing far less of the laws of inheritance than does the breeder, and knowing no more than he does of the intermediate links in the long lines of descent, yet admit that many of our domestic races generations. May not those naturalists who, knowing far less of the laws of inheritance than does the breeder, and knowing no more than he does of the intermediate links in the long lines of descent, yet admit that many of our domestic races generations. May not those naturalists who, knowing far less of the laws of inheritance than does the breeder, and knowing no more than he does of the intermediate links in the long lines of descent, yet admit that many of our domestic races
have have have have are are
descended from the same parents — may they not learn a lesson of caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other species? descended from the same parents — may they not learn a lesson of caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other species? descended from the same parents — may they not learn a lesson of caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other species? descended from the same parents — may they not learn a lesson of caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other species? descended from the same parents — may they not learn a lesson of caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other species? descended from the same parents — may they not learn a lesson of caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other species?

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Selection Selection Selection. Principles of Selection anciently followed, Principles of Selection anciently followed, Principles of Selection anciently followed
. . – – – ,
— — — and their Effects. and their Effects. and their Effects.
Let us now briefly consider the steps by which domestic races have been produced, either from one or from several allied species. Some Let us now briefly consider the steps by which domestic races have been produced, either from one or from several allied species. Some Let us now briefly consider the steps by which domestic races have been produced, either from one or from several allied species. Some Let us now briefly consider the steps by which domestic races have been produced, either from one or from several allied species. Some Let us now briefly consider the steps by which domestic races have been produced, either from one or from several allied species. Some Let us now briefly consider the steps by which domestic races have been produced, either from one or from several allied species. Some
little little little little – –
effect may, effect may, effect may effect may effect may effect may
perhaps, perhaps, – – – –
be attributed to the direct be attributed to the direct be attributed to the direct be attributed to the direct be attributed to the direct be attributed to the direct
– – – – and definite and definite
action of the external conditions of life, and some action of the external conditions of life, and some action of the external conditions of life, and some action of the external conditions of life, and some action of the external conditions of life, and some action of the external conditions of life, and some
little little little little little –
to habit; but he would be a bold man who would account by such agencies for the differences to habit; but he would be a bold man who would account by such agencies for the differences to habit; but he would be a bold man who would account by such agencies for the differences to habit; but he would be a bold man who would account by such agencies for the differences to habit; but he would be a bold man who would account by such agencies for the differences to habit; but he would be a bold man who would account by such agencies for the differences
of of of of between between
a dray and race horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in our domesticated races is that we see in them adaptation, not indeed to the animal's or plant's own good, but to man's use or fancy. Some variations useful to him have probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many botanists, for instance, believe that the fuller's a dray and race horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in our domesticated races is that we see in them adaptation, not indeed to the animal's or plant's own good, but to man's use or fancy. Some variations useful to him have probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many botanists, for instance, believe that the fuller's a dray and race horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in our domesticated races is that we see in them adaptation, not indeed to the animal's or plant's own good, but to man's use or fancy. Some variations useful to him have probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many botanists, for instance, believe that the fuller's a dray and race horse, a greyhound and blood-hound, a carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in our domesticated races is that we see in them adaptation, not indeed to the animal's or plant's own good, but to man's use or fancy. Some variations useful to him have probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many botanists, for instance, believe that the fuller's a dray and race horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in our domesticated races is that we see in them adaptation, not indeed to the animals or plants own good, but to mans use or fancy. Some variations useful to him have probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many botanists, for instance, believe that the fullers a dray and race horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in our domesticated races is that we see in them adaptation, not indeed to the animal's or plant's own good, but to man's use or fancy. Some variations useful to him have probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many botanists, for instance, believe that the fuller's
teazle, teazle, teazle, teasel, teasel, teasel,
with its hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is known to have been the case with the ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the dromedary and camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted either for cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool of one breed good for one purpose, and that of another breed for another purpose; when we compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for man in with its hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is known to have been the case with the ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the dromedary and camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted either for cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool of one breed good for one purpose, and that of another breed for another purpose; when we compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for man in with its hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is known to have been the case with the ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the dromedary and camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted either for cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool of one breed good for one purpose, and that of another breed for another purpose; when we compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for man in with its hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is known to have been the case with the ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the dromedary and camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted either for cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool of one breed good for one purpose, and that of another breed for another purpose; when we compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for man in with its hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is known to have been the case with the ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the dromedary and camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted either for cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool of one breed good for one purpose, and that of another breed for another purpose; when we compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for man in with its hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is known to have been the case with the ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the dromedary and camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted either for cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool of one breed good for one purpose, and that of another breed for another purpose; when we compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for man in
very very very very very –
different ways; when we compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little quarrelsome, with "everlasting layers" which never desire to sit, and with the bantam so small and elegant; when we compare the host of agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of plants, most useful to man at different seasons and for different purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must, I think, look further than to mere variability. We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in different ways; when we compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little quarrel-some, with "everlasting layers" which never desire to sit, and with the bantam so small and elegant; when we compare the host of agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of plants, most useful to man at different seasons and for different purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must, I think, look further than to mere variability. We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in different ways; when we compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little quarrel-some, with "everlasting layers" which never desire to sit, and with the bantam so small and elegant; when we compare the host of agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of plants, most useful to man at different seasons and for different purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must, I think, look further than to mere variability. We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in different ways; when we compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little quarrelsome, with "everlasting layers" which never desire to sit, and with the bantam so small and elegant; when we compare the host of agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of plants, most useful to man at different seasons and for different purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must, I think, look further than to mere variability. We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in different ways; when we compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little quarrelsome, with "everlasting layers" which never desire to sit, and with the bantam so small and elegant; when we compare the host of agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of plants, most useful to man at different seasons and for different purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must, I think, look further than to mere variability. We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in different ways; when we compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little quarrelsome, with "everlasting layers" which never desire to sit, and with the bantam so small and elegant; when we compare the host of agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of plants, most useful to man at different seasons and for different purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must, I think, look further than to mere variability. We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in
several several several many many many
cases, we know that this has not been their history. The key is man's power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said to cases, we know that this has not been their history. The key is man's power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said to cases, we know that this has not been their history. The key is man's power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said to cases, we know that this has not been their history. The key is man's power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said to cases, we know that this has not been their history. The key is mans power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said to cases, we know that this has not been their history. The key is man's power of accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said to
make make make have made have made have made
for himself useful breeds. for himself useful breeds. for himself useful breeds. for himself useful breeds. for himself useful breeds. for himself useful breeds.

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The great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is certain that several of our eminent breeders have, even within a single lifetime, modified to a large extent The great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is certain that several of our eminent breeders have, even within a single lifetime, modified to a large extent The great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is certain that several of our eminent breeders have, even within a single lifetime, modified to a large extent The great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is certain that several of our eminent breeders have, even within a single lifetime, modified to a large extent The great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is certain that several of our eminent breeders have, even within a single lifetime, modified to a large extent The great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is certain that several of our eminent breeders have, even within a single lifetime, modified to a large extent
some some some some the their
breeds of cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise what they have done, it is almost necessary to read several of the many treatises devoted to this subject, and to inspect the animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animal's organisation as something breeds of cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise what they have done, it is almost necessary to read several of the many treatises devoted to this subject, and to inspect the animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animal's organisation as something breeds of cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise what they have done, it is almost necessary to read several of the many treatises devoted to this subject, and to inspect the animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animal's organisation as something breeds of cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise what they have done, it is almost necessary to read several of the many treatises devoted to this subject, and to inspect the animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animal's organisation as something breeds of cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise what they have done, it is almost necessary to read several of the many treatises devoted to this subject, and to inspect the animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animals organisation as something breeds of cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise what they have done, it is almost necessary to read several of the many treatises devoted to this subject, and to inspect the animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animal's organisation as something
quite quite quite quite quite –
plastic, which they can model almost as they please. If I had space I could quote numerous passages to this effect from highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of plastic, which they can model almost as they please. If I had space I could quote numerous passages to this effect from highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of plastic, which they can model almost as they please. If I had space I could quote numerous passages to this effect from highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of plastic, which they can model almost as they please. If I had space I could quote numerous passages to this effect from highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of plastic, which they can model almost as they please. If I had space I could quote numerous passages to this effect from highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of plastic, which they can model almost as they please. If I had space I could quote numerous passages to this effect from highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of
agriculturalists agriculturists agriculturists agriculturists agriculturists agriculturists
than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of
an animal, an animal, an animal, an animal, an animal, animals,
speaks of the principle of selection as "that which speaks of the principle of selection as "that which speaks of the principle of selection as "that which speaks of the principle of selection as "that which speaks of the principle of selection as "that which speaks of the principle of selection as "that which
enables enables enables en- ables enables enables
the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magician's wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases." Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says: — "It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence." the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magician's wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases." Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says: — "It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence." the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magician's wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases." Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says: — "It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence." the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magician's wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases." Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says: — "It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence." the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magicians wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases." Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says: — "It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence." the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to change it altogether. It is the magician's wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases." Lord Somerville, speaking of what breeders have done for sheep, says: — "It would seem as if they had chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in itself, and then had given it existence."
That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that "he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and beak." That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that "he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and beak." That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that "he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and beak." That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that "he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and beak." – –
In Saxony the importance of the principle of selection in regard to merino sheep is so fully recognised, that men follow it as a trade: the sheep are placed on a table and are studied, like a picture by a connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals of months, and the sheep are each time marked and classed, so that the very best may ultimately be selected for breeding. In Saxony the importance of the principle of selection in regard to merino sheep is so fully recognised, that men follow it as a trade: the sheep are placed on a table and are studied, like a picture by a connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals of months, and the sheep are each time marked and classed, so that the very best may ultimately be selected for breeding. In Saxony the importance of the principle of selection in regard to merino sheep is so fully recognised, that men follow it as a trade: the sheep are placed on a table and are studied, like a picture by a connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals of months, and the sheep are each time marked and classed, so that the very best may ultimately be selected for breeding. In Saxony the importance of the principle of selection in regard to merino sheep is so fully recognised, that men follow it as a trade: the sheep are placed on a table and are studied, like a picture by a connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals of months, and the sheep are each time marked and classed, so that the very best may ultimately be selected for breeding. In Saxony the importance of the principle of selection in regard to merino sheep is so fully recognised, that men follow it as a trade: the sheep are placed on a table and are studied, like a picture by a connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals of months, and the sheep are each time marked and classed, so that the very best may ultimately be selected for breeding. In Saxony the importance of the principle of selection in regard to merino sheep is so fully recognised, that men follow it as a trade; the sheep are placed on a table and are studied, like a picture by a connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals of months, and the sheep are each time marked and classed, so that the very best may ultimately be selected for breeding.

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What English breeders have actually effected is proved by the enormous prices given for animals with a good pedigree; and these have What English breeders have actually effected is proved by the enormous prices given for animals with a good pedigree; and these have What English breeders have actually effected is proved by the enormous prices given for animals with a good pedigree; and these have What English breeders have actually effected is proved by the enormous prices given for animals with a good pedigree; and these have What English breeders have actually effected is proved by the enormous prices given for animals with a good pedigree; and these have What English breeders have actually effected is proved by the enormous prices given for animals with a good pedigree; and these have
now now now now now –
been exported to almost every quarter of the world. The improvement is by no means generally due to crossing different breeds; all the best breeders are strongly opposed to this practice, except sometimes amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been made, the closest selection is far more indispensable even than in ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in separating some very distinct variety, and breeding from it, the principle would be so obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its importance consists in the great effect produced by the accumulation in one direction, during successive generations, of differences absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye — differences which I for one have vainly attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great improvements; if he wants any of these qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the natural capacity and years of practice requisite to become even a skilful pigeon-fancier. been exported to almost every quarter of the world. The improvement is by no means generally due to crossing different breeds; all the best breeders are strongly opposed to this practice, except sometimes amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been made, the closest selection is far more indispensable even than in ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in separating some very distinct variety, and breeding from it, the principle would be so obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its importance consists in the great effect produced by the accumulation in one direction, during successive generations, of differences absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye — differences which I for one have vainly attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great improvements; if he wants any of these qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the natural capacity and years of practice requisite to become even a skilful pigeon-fancier. been exported to almost every quarter of the world. The improvement is by no means generally due to crossing different breeds; all the best breeders are strongly opposed to this practice, except sometimes amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been made, the closest selection is far more indispensable even than in ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in separating some very distinct variety, and breeding from it, the principle would be so obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its importance consists in the great effect produced by the accumulation in one direction, during successive generations, of differences absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye — differences which I for one have vainly attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great improvements; if he wants any of these qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the natural capacity and years of practice requisite to become even a skilful pigeon-fancier. been exported to almost every quarter of the world. The improvement is by no means generally due to crossing different breeds; all the best breeders are strongly opposed to this practice, except sometimes amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been made, the closest selection is far more indispensable even than in ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in separating some very distinct variety, and breeding from it, the principle would be so obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its importance consists in the great effect produced by the accumulation in one direction, during successive generations, of differences absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye — differences which I for one have vainly attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great improvements; if he wants any of these qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the natural capacity and years of practice requisite to become even a skilful pigeon-fancier. been exported to almost every quarter of the world. The improvement is by no means generally due to crossing different breeds; all the best breeders are strongly opposed to this practice, except sometimes amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been made, the closest selection is far more indispensable even than in ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in separating some very distinct variety, and breeding from it, the principle would be so obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its importance consists in the great effect produced by the accumulation in one direction, during successive generations, of differences absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye — differences which I for one have vainly attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great improvements; if he wants any of these qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the natural capacity and years of practice requisite to become even a skilful pigeon-fancier. been exported to almost every quarter of the world. The improvement is by no means generally due to crossing different breeds; all the best breeders are strongly opposed to this practice, except sometimes amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been made, the closest selection is far more indispensable even than in ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in separating some very distinct variety, and breeding from it, the principle would be so obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its importance consists in the great effect produced by the accumulation in one direction, during successive generations, of differences absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye — differences which I for one have vainly attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and he studies his subject for years, and devotes his lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great improvements; if he wants any of these qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the natural capacity and years of practice requisite to become even a skilful pigeon-fancier.

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The same principles are followed by horticulturists; but the variations are here often more abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest productions have been produced by a single variation from the aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this The same principles are followed by horticulturists; but the variations are here often more abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest productions have been produced by a single variation from the aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this The same principles are followed by horticulturists; but the variations are here often more abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest productions have been produced by a single variation from the aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this The same principles are followed by horticulturists; but the variations are here often more abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest productions have been produced by a single variation from the aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this The same principles are followed by horticulturists; but the variations are here often more abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest productions have been produced by a single variation from the aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this The same principles are followed by horticulturists; but the variations are here often more abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest productions have been produced by a single variation from the aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this
is not is not is not is not is not has not been
so in so in so in so in so in so in
some some some some some several
cases, in which exact records have been kept; thus, to give a very trifling instance, the steadily-increasing size of the common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an astonishing improvement in many florists' flowers, when the flowers of the present day are compared with drawings made only twenty or thirty years ago. When a race of plants is once pretty well established, the seed-raisers do not pick out the best plants, but merely go over their seed-beds, and pull up the "rogues," as they call the plants that deviate from the proper standard. With animals this kind of selection is, in fact, cases, in which exact records have been kept; thus, to give a very trifling instance, the steadily-increasing size of the common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an astonishing improvement in many florists' flowers, when the flowers of the present day are compared with drawings made only twenty or thirty years ago. When a race of plants is once pretty well established, the seed-raisers do not pick out the best plants, but merely go over their seed-beds, and pull up the "rogues," as they call the plants that deviate from the proper standard. With animals this kind of selection is, in fact, cases in which exact records have been kept; thus, to give a very trifling instance, the steadily-increasing size of the common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an astonishing improvement in many florists' flowers, when the flowers of the present day are compared with drawings made only twenty or thirty years ago. When a race of plants is once pretty well established, the seed-raisers do not pick out the best plants, but merely go over their seed-beds, and pull up the "rogues," as they call the plants that deviate from the proper standard. With animals this kind of selection is, in fact, cases in which exact records have been kept; thus, to give a very trifling instance, the steadily-increasing size of the common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an astonishing improvement in many florists' flowers, when the flowers of the present day are compared with drawings made only twenty or thirty years ago. When a race of plants is once pretty well established, the seed-raisers do not pick out the best plants, but merely go over their seed-beds, and pull up the "rogues," as they call the plants that deviate from the proper standard. With animals this kind of selection is, in fact, cases in which exact records have been kept; thus, to give a very trifling instance, the steadily-increasing size of the common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an astonishing improvement in many florists flowers, when the flowers of the present day are compared with drawings made only twenty or thirty years ago. When a race of plants is once pretty well established, the seed-raisers do not pick out the best plants, but merely go over their seed-beds, and pull up the "rogues," as they call the plants that deviate from the proper standard. With animals this kind of selection is, in fact, cases in which exact records have been kept; thus, to give a very trifling instance, the steadily-increasing size of the common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an astonishing improvement in many florists' flowers, when the flowers of the present day are compared with drawings made only twenty or thirty years ago. When a race of plants is once pretty well established, the seed-raisers do not pick out the best plants, but merely go over their seed-beds, and pull up the "rogues," as they call the plants that deviate from the proper standard. With animals this kind of selection is, in fact,
also also also also also likewise
followed; for hardly any one is so careless as to followed; for hardly any one is so careless as to followed; for hardly any one is so careless as to followed; for hardly any one is so careless as to followed; for hardly any one is so careless as to followed; for hardly any one is so careless as to
allow his worst animals to breed. allow his worst animals to breed. allow his worst animals to breed. allow his worst animals to breed. allow his worst animals to breed. breed from his worst animals.

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In regard to plants, there is another means of observing the accumulated effects of selection — namely, by comparing the diversity of flowers in the different varieties of the same species in the flower-garden; the diversity of leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in comparison with the flowers of the same varieties; and the diversity of fruit of the same species in the orchard, in comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same set of varieties. See how different the leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the different kinds of gooseberries differ in size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the flowers present very slight differences. It is not that the varieties which differ largely in some one point do not differ at all in other points; this is hardly ever, In regard to plants, there is another means of observing the accumulated effects of selection — namely, by comparing the diversity of flowers in the different varieties of the same species in the flower-garden; the diversity of leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in comparison with the flowers of the same varieties; and the diversity of fruit of the same species in the orchard, in comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same set of varieties. See how different the leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the different kinds of gooseberries differ in size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the flowers present very slight differences. It is not that the varieties which differ largely in some one point do not differ at all in other points; this is hardly ever, In regard to plants, there is another means of observing the accumulated effects of selection — namely, by comparing the diversity of flowers in the different varieties of the same species in the flower-garden; the diversity of leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in comparison with the flowers of the same varieties; and the diversity of fruit of the same species in the orchard, in comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same set of varieties. See how different the leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the different kinds of gooseberries differ in size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the flowers present very slight differences. It is not that the varieties which differ largely in some one point do not differ at all in other points; this is hardly ever, In regard to plants, there is another means of observing the accumulated effects of selection — namely, by comparing the diversity of flowers in the different varieties of the same species in the flower-garden; the diversity of leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in comparison with the flowers of the same varieties; and the diversity of fruit of the same species in the orchard, in comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same set of varieties. See how different the leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the different kinds of gooseberries differ in size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the flowers present very slight differences. It is not that the varieties which differ largely in some one point do not differ at all in other points; this is hardly ever, In regard to plants, there is another means of observing the accumulated effects of selection — namely, by comparing the diversity of flowers in the different varieties of the same species in the flower-garden; the diversity of leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in comparison with the flowers of the same varieties; and the diversity of fruit of the same species in the orchard, in comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same set of varieties. See how different the leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the different kinds of gooseberries differ in size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the flowers present very slight differences. It is not that the varieties which differ largely in some one point do not differ at all in other points; this is hardly ever, In regard to plants, there is another means of observing the accumulated effects of selection — namely, by comparing the diversity of flowers in the different varieties of the same species in the flower-garden; the diversity of leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in comparison with the flowers of the same varieties; and the diversity of fruit of the same species in the orchard, in comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same set of varieties. See how different the leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the different kinds of gooseberries differ in size, colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the flowers present very slight differences. It is not that the varieties which differ largely in some one point do not differ at all in other points; this is hardly ever,
– – – — — —
– – I speak after careful observation, I speak after careful observation, I speak after careful observation, I speak after careful observation,
– – – — — —
perhaps never, the case. The perhaps never, the case. The perhaps never, the case. The perhaps never, the case. The perhaps never, the case. The perhaps never, the case. The
laws laws laws laws law law
of of of of of of
correlation of growth, correlation of growth, correlation of growth, correlation of growth, correlated variation, correlated variation,
the importance of which should never be overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as a general rule, the importance of which should never be overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as a general rule, the importance of which should never be overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as a general rule, the importance of which should never be overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as a general rule, the importance of which should never be overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as a general rule, the importance of which should never be overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as a general rule,
I I I I I it
cannot cannot cannot cannot cannot cannot
doubt doubt doubt doubt doubt be doubted
that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters. that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters. that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters. that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters. that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters. that the continued selection of slight variations, either in the leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will produce races differing from each other chiefly in these characters.

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It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been published on the subject; and the result, It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been published on the subject; and the result It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been published on the subject; and the result It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been published on the subject; and the result It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been published on the subject; and the result It may be objected that the principle of selection has been reduced to methodical practice for scarcely more than three-quarters of a century; it has certainly been more attended to of late years, and many treatises have been published on the subject; and the result
I may add, – – – – –
has been, in a corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is very far from true that the principle is a modern discovery. I could give several references to has been, in a corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is very far from true that the principle is a modern discovery. I could give several references to has been, in a corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is very far from true that the principle is a modern discovery. I could give several references to has been, in a corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is very far from true that the principle is a modern discovery. I could give several references to has been, in a corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is very far from true that the principle is a modern discovery. I could give several references to has been, in a corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is very far from true that the principle is a modern discovery. I could give several references to
the full acknowledgment of the importance of the principle in works of high antiquity. In the full acknowledgment of the importance of the principle in works of high antiquity. In the full acknowledgment of the importance of the principle in works of high antiquity. In the full acknowledgment of the importance of the principle in works of high antiquity. In the full acknowledgment of the importance of the principle in works of high antiquity. In works of high antiquity, in which the full importance of the principle is acknowledged. In
rude and barbarous periods of English history choice animals were often imported, and laws were passed to prevent their exportation: the destruction of horses under a certain size was ordered, and this may be compared to the "roguing" of plants by nurserymen. The principle of selection I find distinctly given in an ancient Chinese rude and barbarous periods of English history choice animals were often imported, and laws were passed to prevent their exportation: the destruction of horses under a certain size was ordered, and this may be compared to the "roguing" of plants by nurserymen. The principle of selection I find distinctly given in an ancient Chinese rude and barbarous periods of English history choice animals were often imported, and laws were passed to prevent their exportation: the destruction of horses under a certain size was ordered, and this may be compared to the "roguing" of plants by nurserymen. The principle of selection I find distinctly given in an ancient Chinese rude and barbarous periods of English history choice animals were often imported, and laws were passed to prevent their exportation: the destruction of horses under a certain size was ordered, and this may be compared to the "roguing" of plants by nurserymen. The principle of selection I find distinctly given in an ancient Chinese rude and barbarous periods of English history choice animals were often imported, and laws were passed to prevent their exportation: the destruction of horses under a certain size was ordered, and this may be compared to the "roguing" of plants by nurserymen. The principle of selection I find distinctly given in an ancient Chinese rude and barbarous periods of English history choice animals were often imported, and laws were passed to prevent their exportation: the destruction of horses under a certain size was ordered, and this may be compared to the "roguing" of plants by nurserymen. The principle of selection I find distinctly given in an ancient Chinese
encyclopædia. encyclopædia. encyclopædia. encyclopædia. encyclopædia. ency- clopædia.
Explicit Explicit Ex- plicit Explicit Explicit Explicit
rules are laid down by some of the Roman classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour of domestic animals was at that early period attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to improve the breed, and they formerly did so, as is attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa match their draught cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs. Livingstone rules are laid down by some of the Roman classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour of domestic animals was at that early period attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to improve the breed, and they formerly did so, as is attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa match their draught cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs. Livingstone rules are laid down by some of the Roman classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour of domestic animals was at that early period attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to improve the breed, and they formerly did so, as is attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa match their draught cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs. Livingstone rules are laid down by some of the Roman classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour of domestic animals was at that early period attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to improve the breed, and they formerly did so, as is attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa match their draught cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs. Livingstone rules are laid down by some of the Roman classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour of domestic animals was at that early period attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to improve the breed, and they formerly did so, as is attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa match their draught cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs. Livingstone rules are laid down by some of the Roman classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour of domestic animals was at that early period attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to improve the breed, and they formerly did so, as is attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa match their draught cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs. Livingstone
shows shows shows shown states that states that
how much how much how much how much – –
good domestic breeds are good domestic breeds are good domestic breeds are good domestic breeds are good domestic breeds, are good domestic breeds are
– – – – highly highly
valued by the negroes valued by the negroes valued by the negroes valued by the negroes valued by the negroes valued by the negroes
of of of in in in
the interior of Africa who have not associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do not show actual selection, but they show that the breeding of domestic animals was carefully attended to in ancient times, and is now attended to by the lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had attention not been paid to breeding, for the inheritance of good and bad qualities is so obvious. the interior of Africa who have not associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do not show actual selection, but they show that the breeding of domestic animals was carefully attended to in ancient times, and is now attended to by the lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had attention not been paid to breeding, for the inheritance of good and bad qualities is so obvious. the interior of Africa who have not associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do not show actual selection, but they show that the breeding of domestic animals was carefully attended to in ancient times, and is now attended to by the lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had attention not been paid to breeding, for the inheritance of good and bad qualities is so obvious. the interior of Africa who have not associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do not show actual selection, but they show that the breeding of domestic animals was carefully attended to in ancient times, and is now attended to by the lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had attention not been paid to breeding, for the inheritance of good and bad qualities is so obvious. the interior of Africa who have not associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do not show actual selection, but they show that the breeding of domestic animals was carefully attended to in ancient times, and is now attended to by the lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had attention not been paid to breeding, for the inheritance of good and bad qualities is so obvious. the interior of Africa who have not associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do not show actual selection, but they show that the breeding of domestic animals was carefully attended to in ancient times, and is now attended to by the lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had attention not been paid to breeding, for the inheritance of good and bad qualities is so obvious.

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– – – Unconscious Selection. Unconscious Selection. Unconscious Selection.
At the present time, eminent breeders try by methodical selection, with a distinct object in view, to make a new strain or sub-breed, superior to anything At the present time, eminent breeders try by methodical selection, with a distinct object in view, to make a new strain or sub-breed, superior to anything At the present time, eminent breeders try by methodical selection, with a distinct object in view, to make a new strain or sub-breed, superior to anything At the present time, eminent breeders try by methodical selection, with a distinct object in view, to make a new strain or sub-breed, superior to anything At the present time, eminent breeders try by methodical selection, with a distinct object in view, to make a new strain or sub-breed, superior to anything At the present time, eminent breeders try by methodical selection, with a distinct object in view, to make a new strain or sub-breed, superior to anything
existing existing existing existing existing of the kind
in the country. But, for our purpose, a in the country. But, for our purpose, a in the country. But, for our purpose, a in the country. But, for our purpose, a in the country. But, for our purpose, a in the country. But, for our purpose, a
kind kind kind kind kind form
of Selection, which may be called Unconscious, and which results from every one trying to possess and breed from the best individual animals, is more important. Thus, a man who intends keeping pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as he can, and afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he has no wish or expectation of permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless of Selection, which may be called Unconscious, and which results from every one trying to possess and breed from the best individual animals, is more important. Thus, a man who intends keeping pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as he can, and afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he has no wish or expectation of permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless of Selection, which may be called Unconscious, and which results from every one trying to possess and breed from the best individual animals, is more important. Thus, a man who intends keeping pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as he can, and afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he has no wish or expectation of permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless of Selection, which may be called Unconscious, and which results from every one trying to possess and breed from the best individual animals, is more important. Thus, a man who intends keeping pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as he can, and afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he has no wish or expectation of permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless of Selection, which may be called Unconscious, and which results from every one trying to possess and breed from the best individual animals, is more important. Thus, a man who intends keeping pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as he can, and afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he has no wish or expectation of permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless of Selection, which may be called Unconscious, and which results from every one trying to possess and breed from the best individual animals, is more important. Thus, a man who intends keeping pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as he can, and afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he has no wish or expectation of permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless
I cannot doubt I cannot doubt we may infer we may infer we may infer we may infer
that this process, continued during centuries, would improve and modify that this process, continued during centuries, would improve and modify that this process, continued during centuries, would improve and modify that this process, continued during centuries, would improve and modify that this process, continued during centuries, would improve and modify that this process, continued during centuries, would improve and modify
any any any and any any
breed, in the same way as Bakewell, Collins, &c., by this very same process, only carried on more methodically, did greatly modify, even during their breed, in the same way as Bakewell, Collins, &c., by this very same process, only carried on more methodically, did greatly modify, even during their breed, in the same way as Bakewell, Collins, &c., by this very same process, only carried on more methodically, did greatly modify, even during their breed, in the same way as Bakewell, Collins, &c., by this very same process, only carried on more methodically, did greatly modify, even during their breed, in the same way as Bakewell, Collins, &c., by this very same process, only carried on more methodically, did greatly modify, even during their breed, in the same way as Bakewell, Collins, &c., by this very same process, only carried on more methodically, did greatly modify, even during their
own own own own own –
lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this kind lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this kind lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this kind lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this kind lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this kind lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this kind
could could could could could can
never be recognised unless actual never be recognised unless actual never be recognised unless actual never be recognised unless actual never be recognised unless actual never be recognised unless actual
measurements measurements measure- ments measurements measurements measurements
or careful drawings of the breeds in question or careful drawings of the breeds in question or careful drawings of the breeds in question or careful drawings of the breeds in question or careful drawings of the breeds in question or careful drawings of the breeds in question
had had had had had have
been made long ago, which been made long ago, which been made long ago, which been made long ago, which been made long ago, which been made long ago, which
might might might might might may
serve for comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged or but little changed individuals of the same breed serve for comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged, or but little changed individuals of the same breed serve for comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged, or but little changed individuals of the same breed serve for comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged, or but little changed individuals of the same breed serve for comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged, or but little changed individuals of the same breed serve for comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged, or but little changed individuals of the same breed
may be found may be found may be found may be found may be found exist
in less civilised districts, where the breed has been less improved. There is reason to believe that King Charles's spaniel has been unconsciously modified to a large extent since the time of that monarch. Some highly competent authorities are convinced that the setter is directly derived from the spaniel, and has probably been slowly altered from it. It is known that the English pointer has been greatly changed within the last century, and in this case the change has, it is believed, been chiefly effected by crosses with the fox-hound; but what concerns us is, that the change has been effected unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually, that, though the old Spanish pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not seen, as I am informed by him, any native dog in Spain like our pointer. in less civilised districts, where the breed has been less improved. There is reason to believe that King Charles's spaniel has been unconsciously modified to a large extent since the time of that monarch. Some highly competent authorities are convinced that the setter is directly derived from the spaniel, and has probably been slowly altered from it. It is known that the English pointer has been greatly changed within the last century, and in this case the change has, it is believed, been chiefly effected by crosses with the fox-hound; but what concerns us is, that the change has been effected unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually, that, though the old Spanish pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not seen, as I am informed by him, any native dog in Spain like our pointer. in less civilised districts, where the breed has been less improved. There is reason to believe that King Charles's spaniel has been unconsciously modified to a large extent since the time of that monarch. Some highly competent authorities are convinced that the setter is directly derived from the spaniel, and has probably been slowly altered from it. It is known that the English pointer has been greatly changed within the last century, and in this case the change has, it is believed, been chiefly effected by crosses with the fox-hound; but what concerns us is, that the change has been effected unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually, that, though the old Spanish pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not seen, as I am informed by him, any native dog in Spain like our pointer. in less civilised districts, where the breed has been less improved. There is reason to believe that King Charles's spaniel has been unconsciously modified to a large extent since the time of that monarch. Some highly competent authorities are convinced that the setter is directly derived from the spaniel, and has probably been slowly altered from it. It is known that the English pointer has been greatly changed within the last century, and in this case the change has, it is believed, been chiefly effected by crosses with the fox-hound; but what concerns us is, that the change has been effected unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually, that, though the old Spanish pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not seen, as I am informed by him, any native dog in Spain like our pointer. in less civilised districts, where the breed has been less improved. There is reason to believe that King Charles's spaniel has been unconsciously modified to a large extent since the time of that monarch. Some highly competent authorities are convinced that the setter is directly derived from the spaniel, and has probably been slowly altered from it. It is known that the English pointer has been greatly changed within the last century, and in this case the change has, it is believed, been chiefly effected by crosses with the foxhound; but what concerns us is, that the change has been effected unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually, that, though the old Spanish pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not seen, as I am informed by him, any native dog in Spain like our pointer. in less civilised districts, where the breed has been less improved. There is reason to believe that King Charles's spaniel has been unconsciously modified to a large extent since the time of that monarch. Some highly competent authorities are convinced that the setter is directly derived from the spaniel, and has probably been slowly altered from it. It is known that the English pointer has been greatly changed within the last century, and in this case the change has, it is believed, been chiefly effected by crosses with the foxhound; but what concerns us is, that the change has been effected unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually, that, though the old Spanish pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not seen, as I am informed by him, any native dog in Spain like our pointer.

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By a similar process of selection, and by careful training, By a similar process of selection, and by careful training, By a similar process of selection, and by careful training, By a similar process of selection, and by careful training, By a similar process of selection, and by careful training, By a similar process of selection, and by careful training,
the whole body of the whole body of the whole body of the whole body of the whole body of –
English racehorses have come to surpass in fleetness and size the parent English racehorses have come to surpass in fleetness and size the parent English racehorses have come to surpass in fleetness and size the parent English racehorses have come to surpass in fleetness and size the parent English racehorses have come to surpass in fleetness and size the parent English racehorses have come to surpass in fleetness and size the parent
Arab stock, Arab stock, Arab stock, Arab stock, Arab stock, Arabs,
so that the latter, by the regulations for the so that the latter, by the regulations for the so that the latter, by the regulations for the so that the latter, by the regulations for the so that the latter, by the regulations for the so that the latter, by the regulations for the
Goodwood Goodwood Good wood Goodwood Goodwood Goodwood
Races, are favoured in the weights Races, are favoured in the weights Races, are favoured in the weights Races, are favoured in the weights Races, are favoured in the weights Races, are favoured in the weights
– – – – – which
they carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how the cattle of England have increased in weight and in early maturity, compared with the stock formerly kept in this country. By comparing the accounts given in they carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how the cattle of England have increased in weight and in early maturity, compared with the stock formerly kept in this country. By comparing the accounts given in they carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how the cattle of England have increased in weight and in early maturity, compared with the stock formerly kept in this country. By comparing the accounts given in they carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how the cattle of England have increased in weight and in early maturity, compared with the stock formerly kept in this country. By comparing the accounts given in they carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how the cattle of England have increased in weight and in early maturity, compared with the stock formerly kept in this country. By comparing the accounts given in they carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how the cattle of England have increased in weight and in early maturity, compared with the stock formerly kept in this country. By comparing the accounts given in
– – – – – various
old old old old old old
pigeon pigeon pigeon pigeon pigeon –
treatises of treatises of treatises of treatises of treatises of treatises of
carriers and tumblers with these breeds as now existing carriers and tumblers with these breeds as now existing carriers and tumblers with these breeds as now existing carriers and tumblers with these breeds as now existing carriers and tumblers with these breeds as now existing the former and present state of carrier and tumbler pigeons
in Britain, India, and Persia, we can, in Britain, India, and Persia, we can, in Britain, India, and Persia, we can, in Britain, India, and Persia, we can, in Britain, India, and Persia, we can, in Britain, India, and Persia, we can
I think, clearly I think, clearly I think, clearly I think, clearly I think, clearly –
trace the stages through which they have insensibly passed, and come to differ so greatly from the rock-pigeon. trace the stages through which they have insensibly passed, and come to differ so greatly from the rock-pigeon. trace the stages through which they have insensibly passed, and come to differ so greatly from the rock-pigeon. trace the stages through which they have insensibly passed, and come to differ so greatly from the rock-pigeon. trace the stages through which they have insensibly passed, and come to differ so greatly from the rock-pigeon. trace the stages through which they have insensibly passed, and come to differ so greatly from the rock-pigeon.

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Youatt gives an excellent illustration of the effects of a course of selection, which may be considered as Youatt gives an excellent illustration of the effects of a course of selection, which may be considered as Youatt gives an excellent illustration of the effects of a course of selection, which may be considered as Youatt gives an excellent illustration of the effects of a course of selection, which may be considered as Youatt gives an excellent illustration of the effects of a course of selection, which may be considered as Youatt gives an excellent illustration of the effects of a course of selection, which may be considered as
unconsciously followed, unconsciously followed, unconsciously followed, unconsciously followed, unconsciously followed, unconscious,
in so far that the breeders could never have expected or even in so far that the breeders could never have expected or even in so far that the breeders could never have expected or even in so far that the breeders could never have expected, or even in so far that the breeders could never have expected, or even in so far that the breeders could never have expected, or even
have have have have have –
wished to wished to wished to wished, to wished, to wished, to
have produced have produced have produced produce produce produce
the result which ensued — namely, the production of two distinct strains. The two flocks of Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, as Mr. Youatt remarks, "have been purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years. There is not a suspicion existing in the mind of any one at all acquainted with the subject that the owner of either of them has deviated in any one instance from the pure blood of Mr. Bakewell's flock, and yet the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties." the result which ensued — namely, the production of two distinct strains. The two flocks of Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, as Mr. Youatt remarks, "have been purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years. There is not a suspicion existing in the mind of any one at all acquainted with the subject that the owner of either of them has deviated in any one instance from the pure blood of Mr. Bakewell's flock, and yet the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties." the result which ensued — namely, the production of two distinct strains. The two flocks of Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, as Mr. Youatt remarks, "have been purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years. There is not a suspicion existing in the mind of any one at all acquainted with the subject that the owner of either of them has deviated in any one instance from the pure blood of Mr. Bakewell's flock, and yet the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties." the result which ensued — namely, the production of two distinct strains. The two flocks of Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, as Mr. Youatt remarks, "have been purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years. There is not a suspicion existing in the mind of any one at all acquainted with the subject that the owner of either of them has deviated in any one instance from the pure blood of Mr. Bakewell's flock, and yet the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties." the result which ensued — namely, the production of two distinct strains. The two flocks of Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, as Mr. Youatt remarks, "have been purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years. There is not a suspicion existing in the mind of any one at all acquainted with the subject, that the owner of either of them has deviated in any one instance from the pure blood of Mr. Bakewell's flock, and yet the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties." the result which ensued — namely, the production of two distinct strains. The two flocks of Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr. Burgess, as Mr. Youatt remarks, "have been purely bred from the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of fifty years. There is not a suspicion existing in the mind of any one at all acquainted with the subject, that the owner of either of them has deviated in any one instance from the pure blood of Mr. Bakewell's flock, and yet the difference between the sheep possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that they have the appearance of being quite different varieties."

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If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs. If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs. If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs. If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs. If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs. If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs.

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In plants the same gradual process of improvement, through the occasional preservation of the best individuals, whether or not sufficiently distinct to be ranked at their first appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or not two or more species or races have become blended together by crossing, may plainly be recognised in the increased size and beauty which we now see in the varieties of the heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when compared with the older varieties or with their parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a first-rate heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant. No one would expect to raise a first-rate melting pear from the seed of the wild pear, though he might succeed from a poor seedling growing wild, if it had come from a garden-stock. The pear, though cultivated in classical times, appears, from Pliny's description, to have been a fruit of very inferior quality. I have seen great surprise expressed in horticultural works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced such splendid results from such poor materials; but the art, In plants the same gradual process of improvement, through the occasional preservation of the best individuals, whether or not sufficiently distinct to be ranked at their first appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or not two or more species or races have become blended together by crossing, may plainly be recognised in the increased size and beauty which we now see in the varieties of the heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when compared with the older varieties or with their parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a first-rate heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant. No one would expect to raise a first-rate melting pear from the seed of the wild pear, though he might succeed from a poor seedling growing wild, if it had come from a garden-stock. The pear, though cultivated in classical times, appears, from Pliny's description, to have been a fruit of very inferior quality. I have seen great surprise expressed in horticultural works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced such splendid results from such poor materials; but the art, In plants the same gradual process of improvement, through the occasional preservation of the best individuals, whether or not sufficiently distinct to be ranked at their first appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or not two or more species or races have become blended together by crossing, may plainly be recognised in the increased size and beauty which we now see in the varieties of the heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when compared with the older varieties or with their parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a first-rate heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant. No one would expect to raise a first-rate melting pear from the seed of the wild pear, though he might succeed from a poor seedling growing wild, if it had come from a garden-stock. The pear, though cultivated in classical times, appears, from Pliny's description, to have been a fruit of very inferior quality. I have seen great surprise expressed in horticultural works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced such splendid results from such poor materials; but the art In plants the same gradual process of improvement, through the occasional preservation of the best individuals, whether or not sufficiently distinct to be ranked at their first appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or not two or more species or races have become blended together by crossing, may plainly be recognised in the increased size and beauty which we now see in the varieties of the heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when compared with the older varieties or with their parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a first-rate heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant. No one would expect to raise a first-rate melting pear from the seed of the wild pear, though he might succeed from a poor seedling growing wild, if it had come from a garden-stock. The pear, though cultivated in classical times, appears, from Pliny's description, to have been a fruit of very inferior quality. I have seen great surprise expressed in horticultural works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced such splendid results from such poor materials; but the art In plants the same gradual process of improvement, through the occasional preservation of the best individuals, whether or not sufficiently distinct to be ranked at their first appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or not two or more species or races have become blended together by crossing, may plainly be recognised in the increased size and beauty which we now see in the varieties of the heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when compared with the older varieties or with their parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a first-rate heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant. No one would expect to raise a first-rate melting pear from the seed of the wild pear, though he might succeed from a poor seedling growing wild, if it had come from a garden-stock. The pear, though cultivated in classical times, appears, from Plinys description, to have been a fruit of very inferior quality. I have seen great surprise expressed in horticultural works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced such splendid results from such poor materials; but the art In plants the same gradual process of improvement, through the occasional preservation of the best individuals, whether or not sufficiently distinct to be ranked at their first appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or not two or more species or races have become blended together by crossing, may plainly be recognised in the increased size and beauty which we now see in the varieties of the heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when compared with the older varieties or with their parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a first-rate heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant. No one would expect to raise a first-rate melting pear from the seed of the wild pear, though he might succeed from a poor seedling growing wild, if it had come from a garden-stock. The pear, though cultivated in classical times, appears, from Pliny's description, to have been a fruit of very inferior quality. I have seen great surprise expressed in horticultural works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced such splendid results from such poor materials; but the art
I cannot doubt, I cannot doubt, – – – –
has been simple, and, as far as the final result is concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating the best known variety, sowing its seeds, and, when a slightly better variety has been simple, and, as far as the final result is concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating the best known variety, sowing its seeds, and, when a slightly better variety has been simple, and, as far as the final result is concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating the best known variety, sowing its seeds, and, when a slightly better variety has been simple, and, as far as the final result is concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating the best known variety, sowing its seeds, and, when a slightly better variety has been simple, and, as far as the final result is concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating the best known variety, sowing its seeds, and, when a slightly better variety has been simple, and, as far as the final result is concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating the best known variety, sowing its seeds, and, when a slightly better variety
has has has has has –
chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the gardeners of the classical period, who cultivated the best chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the gardeners of the classical period, who cultivated the best chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the gardeners of the classical period, who cultivated the best chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the gardeners of the classical period, who cultivated the best chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the gardeners of the classical period, who cultivated the best chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the gardeners of the classical period, who cultivated the best
pear pear pear pear pear pears which
they could procure, never thought what splendid fruit we should eat; though we owe our excellent fruit, in some small degree, to their having naturally chosen and preserved the best varieties they could anywhere find. they could procure, never thought what splendid fruit we should eat; though we owe our excellent fruit, in some small degree, to their having naturally chosen and preserved the best varieties they could anywhere find. they could procure, never thought what splendid fruit we should eat; though we owe our excellent fruit, in some small degree, to their having naturally chosen and preserved the best varieties they could anywhere find. they could procure, never thought what splendid fruit we should eat; though we owe our excellent fruit, in some small degree, to their having naturally chosen and preserved the best varieties they could anywhere find. they could procure, never thought what splendid fruit we should eat; though we owe our excellent fruit, in some small degree, to their having naturally chosen and preserved the best varieties they could anywhere find. they could procure, never thought what splendid fruit we should eat; though we owe our excellent fruit, in some small degree, to their having naturally chosen and preserved the best varieties they could anywhere find.

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A large amount of change A large amount of change A large amount of change A large amount of change A large amount of change A large amount of change,
in our cultivated plants, in our cultivated plants, in our cultivated plants, in our cultivated plants, in our cultivated plants, –
thus slowly and unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known fact, that in a thus slowly and unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known fact, that in a thus slowly and unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known fact, that in a thus slowly and unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known fact, that in a thus slowly and unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known fact, that in a thus slowly and unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known fact, that in a
vast vast vast vast – –
number of cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do not know, the wild parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that number of cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do not know, the wild parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that number of cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do not know, the wild parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that number of cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do not know, the wild parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that number of cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do not know, the wild parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that number of cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do not know, the wild parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that
given to given to given to given to given to acquired by
the plants in countries anciently civilised. the plants in countries anciently civilised. the plants in countries anciently civilised. the plants in countries anciently civilised. the plants in countries anciently civilised. the plants in countries anciently civilised.

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In regard to the domestic animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that they almost always have to struggle for their own food, at least during certain seasons. And in two countries very differently circumstanced, individuals of the same species, having slightly different constitutions or structure, would often succeed better in the one country than in the other, and thus by a process of "natural selection," as will hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds might be formed. This, perhaps, partly explains In regard to the domestic animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that they almost always have to struggle for their own food, at least during certain seasons. And in two countries very differently circumstanced, individuals of the same species, having slightly different constitutions or structure, would often succeed better in the one country than in the other; and thus by a process of "natural selection," as will hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds might be formed. This, perhaps, partly explains In regard to the domestic animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that they almost always have to struggle for their own food, at least during certain seasons. And in two countries very differently circumstanced, individuals of the same species, having slightly different constitutions or structure, would often succeed better in the one country than in the other; and thus by a process of "natural selection," as will hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds might be formed. This, perhaps, partly explains In regard to the domestic animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that they almost always have to struggle for their own food, at least during certain seasons. And in two countries very differently circumstanced, individuals of the same species, having slightly different constitutions or structure, would often succeed better in the one country than in the other; and thus by a process of "natural selection," as will hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds might be formed. This, perhaps, partly explains In regard to the domestic animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that they almost always have to struggle for their own food, at least during certain seasons. And in two countries very differently circumstanced, individuals of the same species, having slightly different constitutions or structure, would often succeed better in the one country than in the other; and thus by a process of "natural selection," as will hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds might be formed. This, perhaps, partly explains In regard to the domestic animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that they almost always have to struggle for their own food, at least during certain seasons. And in two countries very differently circumstanced, individuals of the same species, having slightly different constitutions or structure, would often succeed better in the one country than in the other; and thus by a process of "natural selection," as will hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds might be formed. This, perhaps, partly explains
what has been remarked by some authors, namely, that the varieties kept by savages what has been remarked by some authors, namely, that the varieties kept by savages what has been remarked by some authors, namely, that the varieties kept by savages what has been remarked by some authors, namely, that the varieties kept by savages what has been remarked by some authors, namely, that the varieties kept by savages why the varieties kept by savages, as has been remarked by some authors,
have more of the character of have more of the character of have more of the character of have more of the character of have more of the character of have more of the character of
– – – – – true
species than the varieties kept in civilised countries. species than the varieties kept in civilised countries. species than the varieties kept in civilised countries. species than the varieties kept in civilised countries. species than the varieties kept in civilised countries. species than the varieties kept in civilised countries.

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On the view here given of the On the view here given of the On the view here given of the On the view here given of the On the view here given of the On the view here given of the
all-important all-important all-important all-important all-important important
part which selection by man has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domestic races show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to man's wants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequently abnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differences being so great in external characters and relatively so slight in internal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with much difficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externally visible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can never act by selection, excepting on variations which are first given to him in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to make a fantail, till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slight degree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual any character was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be to catch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly incorrect. The man who first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamed what the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued, partly unconscious and partly methodical selection. Perhaps the part which selection by man has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domestic races show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to mans wants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequently abnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differences being so great in external characters and relatively so slight in internal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with much difficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externally visible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can never act by selection, excepting on variations which are first given to him in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to make a fantail, till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slight degree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual any character was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be to catch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly incorrect. The man who first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamed what the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued, partly unconscious and partly methodical selection. Perhaps the part which selection by man has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domestic races show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to man's wants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequently abnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differences being so great in external characters and relatively so slight in internal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with much difficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externally visible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can never act by selection, excepting on variations which are first given to him in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to make a fantail, till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slight degree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual any character was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be to catch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly incorrect. The man who first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamed what the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued, partly unconscious and partly methodical selection. Perhaps the part which selection by man has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domestic races show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to man's wants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequently abnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differences being so great in external characters and relatively so slight in internal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with much difficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externally visible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can never act by selection, excepting on variations which are first given to him in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to make a fantail, till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slight degree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual any character was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be to catch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly in-correct. The man who first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamed what the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued, partly unconscious and partly methodical selection. Perhaps the part which selection by man has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domestic races show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to mans wants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequently abnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differences being so great in external characters and relatively so slight in internal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with much difficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externally visible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can never act by selection, excepting on variations which are first given to him in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to make a fantail till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slight degree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual any character was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be to catch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly incorrect. The man who first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamed what the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued, partly unconscious and partly methodical selection. Perhaps the part which selection by man has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domestic races show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to man's wants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequently abnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differences being so great in external characters, and relatively so slight in internal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with much difficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externally visible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can never act by selection, excepting on variations which are first given to him in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to make a fantail till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slight degree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual any character was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be to catch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly incorrect. The man who first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamed what the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued, partly unconscious and partly methodical, selection. Perhaps the
parent bird parent bird parent-bird parent-bird parent-bird parent-bird
of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded, like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinct breeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than the turbit now does the upper part of its œsophagus, — a habit which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of the breed. of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded, like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinct breeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than the turbit now does the upper part of its œsophagus, — a habit which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of the breed. of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded, like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinct breeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than the turbit now does the upper part of its œsophagus, — a habit which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of the breed. of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded, like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinct breeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than the turbit now does the upper part of its œsophagus, — a habit which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of the breed. of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded, like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinct breeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than the turbit now does the upper part of its œsophagus, — a habit which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of the breed. of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded, like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinct breeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than the turbit now does the upper part of its œsophagus, — a habit which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of the breed.

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Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of structure would be necessary to catch the fancier's eye: he perceives extremely small differences, and it is in human nature to value any novelty, however slight, in one's own possession. Nor must the value which would formerly Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of structure would be necessary to catch the fanciers eye: he perceives extremely small differences, and it is in human nature to value any novelty, however slight, in ones own possession. Nor must the value which would formerly Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of structure would be necessary to catch the fancier's eye: he perceives extremely small differences, and it is in human nature to value any novelty, however slight, in one's own possession. Nor must the value which would formerly Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of structure would be necessary to catch the fancier's eye: he perceives extremely small differences, and it is in human nature to value any novelty, however slight, in one's own possession. Nor must the value which would formerly Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of structure would be necessary to catch the fanciers eye: he perceives extremely small differences, and it is in human nature to value any novelty, however slight, in ones own possession. Nor must the value which would formerly Nor let it be thought that some great deviation of structure would be necessary to catch the fancier's eye: he perceives extremely small differences, and it is in human nature to value any novelty, however slight, in one's own possession. Nor must the value which would formerly
be be be be be have been
set on any slight differences in the individuals of the same species, be judged of by the value which set on any slight differences in the individuals of the same species, be judged of by the value which set on any slight differences in the individuals of the same species, be judged of by the value which set on any slight differences in the individuals of the same species, be judged of by the value which set on any slight differences in the individuals of the same species, be judged of by the value which set on any slight differences in the individuals of the same species, be judged of by the value which
would now be would now be would now be would now be would now be is now
set on them, after several breeds have set on them, after several breeds have set on them, after several breeds have set on them, after several breeds have set on them, after several breeds have set on them, after several breeds have
once once once once once –
fairly been established. fairly been established. fairly been established. fairly been established. fairly been established. fairly been established.
– – – – – It is known that with pigeons
Many slight Many slight Many slight Many slight Many slight many slight
differences might, and indeed do now, arise amongst pigeons, which differences might, and indeed do now, arise amongst pigeons, which differences might, and indeed do now, arise amongst pigeons, which differences might, and indeed do now, arise amongst pigeons, which differences might, and indeed do now, arise amongst pigeons, which variations now occasionally appear, but these
are rejected as faults or deviations from the standard of perfection are rejected as faults or deviations from the standard of perfection are rejected as faults or deviations from the standard of perfection are rejected as faults or deviations from the standard of perfection are rejected as faults or deviations from the standard of perfection are rejected as faults or deviations from the standard of perfection
of of of of of in
each breed. The common goose has not given rise to any marked varieties; hence the each breed. The common goose has not given rise to any marked varieties; hence the each breed. The common goose has not given rise to any marked varieties; hence the each breed. The common goose has not given rise to any marked varieties; hence the each breed. The common goose has not given rise to any marked varieties; hence the each breed. The common goose has not given rise to any marked varieties; hence the
Thoulouse Thoulouse Toulouse Toulouse Toulouse Toulouse
and the common breed, which differ only in colour, that most fleeting of characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct at our poultry-shows. and the common breed, which differ only in colour, that most fleeting of characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct at our poultry-shows. and the common breed, which differ only in colour, that most fleeting of characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct at our poultry-shows. and the common breed, which differ only in colour, that most fleeting of characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct at our poultry-shows. and the common breed, which differ only in colour, that most fleeting of characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct at our poultry-shows. and the common breed, which differ only in colour, that most fleeting of characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct at our poultry-shows.

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185918601861186618691872
I think I think I think I think I think –
these views these views these views these views these views These views
further further further further – appear to
explain what has sometimes been noticed — namely that we know explain what has sometimes been noticed — namely, that we know explain what has sometimes been noticed — namely, that we know explain what has sometimes been noticed — namely, that we know explain what has sometimes been noticed — namely, that we know explain what has sometimes been noticed — namely, that we know
nothing nothing nothing nothing nothing hardly anything
about the origin or history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a language, can hardly be said to have about the origin or history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a language, can hardly be said to have about the origin or history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a language, can hardly be said to have about the origin or history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a language, can hardly be said to have about the origin or history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a language, can hardly be said to have about the origin or history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a language, can hardly be said to have
had had had had – –
a a a a a a
definite definite definite definite distinct distinct
origin. A man preserves and breeds from an individual with some slight deviation of structure, or takes more care than usual in matching his best animals and thus improves them, and the improved origin. A man preserves and breeds from an individual with some slight deviation of structure, or takes more care than usual in matching his best animals and thus improves them, and the improved origin. A man preserves and breeds from an individual with some slight deviation of structure, or takes more care than usual in matching his best animals and thus improves them, and the improved origin. A man preserves and breeds from an individual with some slight deviation of structure, or takes more care than usual in matching his best animals, and thus improves them, and the improved origin. A man preserves and breeds from an individual with some slight deviation of structure, or takes more care than usual in matching his best animals, and thus improves them, and the improved origin. A man preserves and breeds from an individual with some slight deviation of structure, or takes more care than usual in matching his best animals, and thus improves them, and the improved
individuals individuals individuals individuals animals animals
slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood. But slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood. But slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood. But slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood. But slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood. But slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood. But
– – – – – they will
as yet as yet as yet as yet as yet as yet
they will they will they will they will they will –
hardly have a distinct name, and from being only slightly valued, their history will hardly have a distinct name, and from being only slightly valued, their history will hardly have a distinct name, and from being only slightly valued, their history will hardly have a distinct name, and from being only slightly valued, their history will hardly have a distinct name, and from being only slightly valued, their history will hardly have a distinct name, and from being only slightly valued, their history will
be be be be be have been
disregarded. When further improved by the same slow and gradual process, they will spread more widely, and will disregarded. When further improved by the same slow and gradual process, they will spread more widely, and will disregarded. When further improved by the same slow and gradual process, they will spread more widely, and will disregarded. When further improved by the same slow and gradual process, they will spread more widely, and will disregarded. When further improved by the same slow and gradual process, they will spread more widely, and will disregarded. When further improved by the same slow and gradual process, they will spread more widely, and will
get get get get get be
recognised as something distinct and valuable, and will then probably first receive a provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with little free communication, the spreading recognised as something distinct and valuable, and will then probably first receive a provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with little free communication, the spreading recognised as something distinct and valuable, and will then probably first receive a provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with little free communication, the spreading recognised as something distinct and valuable, and will then probably first receive a provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with little free communication, the spreading recognised as something distinct and valuable, and will then probably first receive a provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with little free communication, the spreading recognised as something distinct and valuable, and will then probably first receive a provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with little free communication, the spreading
and knowledge of any new sub-breed and knowledge of any new sub-breed and knowledge of any new sub-breed and knowledge of any new sub-breed of a new sub-breed of a new sub-breed
will will would would would would
be a slow process. As soon as the points of value be a slow process. As soon as the points of value be a slow process. As soon as the points of value be a slow process. As soon as the points of value be a slow process. As soon as the points of value be a slow process. As soon as the points of value
of the new sub-breed of the new sub-breed of the new sub-breed of the new sub-breed in a new strain –
are once are once are once are once are once are once
fully fully fully fully – –
acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of unconscious selection will always tend, — perhaps more at one period than at another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion, — perhaps more in one district than in another, according to the state of acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of unconscious selection will always tend, — perhaps more at one period than at another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion, — perhaps more in one district than in another, according to the state of acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of unconscious selection will always tend, — perhaps more at one period than at another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion, — perhaps more in one district than in another, according to the state of acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of unconscious selection will always tend, — perhaps more at one period than at another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion, — perhaps more in one district than in another, according to the state of acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of unconscious selection will always tend, — perhaps more at one period than at another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion, — perhaps more in one district than in another, according to the state of acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of unconscious selection will always tend, — perhaps more at one period than at another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion, — perhaps more in one district than in another, according to the state of
civilisation civilization civilisation civilisation civilisation civilisation
of the inhabitants, — slowly to add to the characteristic features of the breed, whatever they may be. But the chance will be infinitely small of any record having been preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible changes. of the inhabitants, — slowly to add to the characteristic features of the breed, whatever they may be. But the chance will be infinitely small of any record having been preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible changes. of the inhabitants, — slowly to add to the characteristic features of the breed, whatever they may be. But the chance will be infinitely small of any record having been preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible changes. of the inhabitants, — slowly to add to the characteristic features of the breed, whatever they may be. But the chance will be infinitely small of any record having been preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible changes. of the inhabitants, — slowly to add to the characteristic features of the breed, whatever they may be. But the chance will be infinitely small of any record having been preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible changes. of the inhabitants, — slowly to add to the characteristic features of the breed, whatever they may be. But the chance will be infinitely small of any record having been preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible changes.

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185918601861186618691872
– – – Circumstances favourable to Circumstances favourable to Circumstances favourable to
– – – Man's Power of Selection. Mans Power of Selection. Man ' s Power of Selection. I will
I must I must I must I must I must –
now say a few words on the circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to man's power of selection. A high degree of variability is obviously favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to work on; not that mere individual differences are not amply sufficient, with extreme care, to allow of the accumulation of a large amount of modification in almost any desired direction. But as variations manifestly useful or pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be much increased by a large number of individuals being kept; now say a few words on the circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to mans power of selection. A high degree of variability is obviously favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to work on; not that mere individual differences are not amply sufficient, with extreme care, to allow of the accumulation of a large amount of modification in almost any desired direction. But as variations manifestly useful or pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be much increased by a large number of individuals being kept; now say a few words on the circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to man's power of selection. A high degree of variability is obviously favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to work on; not that mere individual differences are not amply sufficient, with extreme care, to allow of the accumulation of a large amount of modification in almost any desired direction. But as variations manifestly useful or pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be much increased by a large number of individuals being kept; now say a few words on the circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to man's power of selection. A high degree of variability is obviously favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to work on; not that mere individual differences are not amply sufficient, with extreme care, to allow of the accumulation of a large amount of modification in almost any desired direction. But as variations manifestly useful or pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be much increased by a large number of individuals being kept; now say a few words on the circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to mans power of selection. A high degree of variability is obviously favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to work on; not that mere individual differences are not amply sufficient, with extreme care, to allow of the accumulation of a large amount of modification in almost any desired direction. But as variations manifestly useful or pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be much increased by a large number of individuals being kept; now say a few words on the circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to man's power of selection. A high degree of variability is obviously favourable, as freely giving the materials for selection to work on; not that mere individual differences are not amply sufficient, with extreme care, to allow of the accumulation of a large amount of modification in almost any desired direction. But as variations manifestly useful or pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be much increased by a large number of individuals being kept.
and and and and and –
hence hence hence hence hence Hence,
this comes to be this comes to be this comes to be this comes to be this comes to be number is
of the highest importance of the highest importance of the highest importance of the highest importance of the highest importance of the highest importance
to to to to to for
success. On this principle Marshall success. On this principle Marshall success. On this principle Marshall success. On this principle Marshall success. On this principle Marshall success. On this principle Marshall
has has has formerly formerly formerly
remarked, with respect to the sheep of parts of Yorkshire, remarked, with respect to the sheep of parts of Yorkshire, remarked, with respect to the sheep of parts of Yorkshire, remarked, with respect to the sheep of parts of Yorkshire, remarked, with respect to the sheep of parts of Yorkshire, remarked, with respect to the sheep of parts of Yorkshire,
that that that that, that, –
"as they generally belong to poor people, and are mostly in small lots "as they generally belong to poor people, and are mostly in small lots "as they generally belong to poor people, and are mostly in small lots "as they generally belong to poor people, and are mostly in small lots, "as they generally belong to poor people, and are mostly in small lots, "as they generally belong to poor people, and are mostly in small lots
, , , – – ,
they never can be improved." On the other hand, nurserymen, from they never can be improved." On the other hand, nurserymen, from they never can be improved." On the other hand, nurserymen, from they never can be improved." On the other hand, nurserymen, from they never can be improved." On the other hand, nurserymen, from they never can be improved." On the other hand, nurserymen, from
raising raising raising raising raising keeping
large stocks of the same large stocks of the same large stocks of the same large stocks of the same large stocks of the same large stocks of the same
plants, plants, plants, plants, plants, plant,
are generally far more successful than amateurs in are generally far more successful than amateurs in are generally far more successful than amateurs in are generally far more successful than amateurs in are generally far more successful than amateurs in are generally far more successful than amateurs in
getting new and valuable varieties. The keeping of a large number of individuals of a species in any country requires that the species should be placed under favourable getting new and valuable varieties. The keeping of a large number of individuals of a species in any country requires that the species should be placed under favourable getting new and valuable varieties. The keeping of a large number of individuals of a species in any country requires that the species should be placed under favourable getting new and valuable varieties. The keeping of a large number of individuals of a species in any country requires that the species should be placed under favourable getting new and valuable varieties. The keeping of a large number of individuals of a species in any country requires that the species should be placed under favourable raising new and valuable varieties. A large number of individuals of an animal or plant can be reared only where the
conditions conditions conditions conditions conditions conditions
of life, so as to breed freely in that country. When the individuals of any species of life, so as to breed freely in that country. When the individuals of any species of life, so as to breed freely in that country. When the individuals of any species of life, so as to breed freely in that country. When the individuals of any species of life, so as to breed freely in that country. When the individuals of any species for its propagation are favourable. When the individuals
are scanty, all are scanty, all are scanty, all are scanty, all are scanty, all are scanty, all
the individuals, the individuals, the individuals, the individuals, the individuals, will be allowed to breed,
whatever their quality may be, whatever their quality may be, whatever their quality may be, whatever their quality may be, whatever their quality may be, whatever their quality may be,
will generally be allowed to breed, will generally be allowed to breed, will generally be allowed to breed, will generally be allowed to breed, will generally be allowed to breed, –
and this will effectually prevent selection. But probably the most important and this will effectually prevent selection. But probably the most important and this will effectually prevent selection. But probably the most important and this will effectually prevent selection. But probably the most important and this will effectually prevent selection. But probably the most important and this will effectually prevent selection. But probably the most important
point of all, point of all, point of all point of all point of all element
is, that the animal or plant should be so highly is, that the animal or plant should be so highly is that the animal or plant should be so highly is that the animal or plant should be so highly is that the animal or plant should be so highly is that the animal or plant should be so highly
useful to man, or so much useful to man, or so much useful to man, or so much useful to man, or so much useful to man, or so much –
valued by valued by valued by valued by valued by valued by
him, him, him, him, him, man,
that the closest attention that the closest attention that the closest attention that the closest attention that the closest attention that the closest attention
should be should be should be is is is
paid to even the slightest paid to even the slightest paid to even the slightest paid to even the slightest paid to even the slightest paid to even the slightest
deviation deviation deviation deviation deviation deviations
in in in in in in
the the the the the its
qualities or structure qualities or structure qualities or structure qualities or structure qualities or structure qualities or structure.
of each individual. of each individual. of each individual. of each individual. of each individual. –
Unless such attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have seen it gravely remarked, that it was most fortunate that the strawberry began to vary just when gardeners began to attend Unless such attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have seen it gravely remarked, that it was most fortunate that the strawberry began to vary just when gardeners began to attend Unless such attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have seen it gravely remarked, that it was most fortunate that the strawberry began to vary just when gardeners began to attend Unless such attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have seen it gravely remarked, that it was most fortunate that the strawberry began to vary just when gardeners began to attend Unless such attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have seen it gravely remarked, that it was most fortunate that the strawberry began to vary just when gardeners began to attend Unless such attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have seen it gravely remarked, that it was most fortunate that the strawberry began to vary just when gardeners began to attend
closely closely closely closely closely –
to this plant. No doubt the strawberry had always varied since it was cultivated, but the slight varieties had been neglected. As soon, however, as gardeners picked out individual plants with slightly larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised seedlings from them, and again picked out the best seedlings and bred from them, then, to this plant. No doubt the strawberry had always varied since it was cultivated, but the slight varieties had been neglected. As soon, however, as gardeners picked out individual plants with slightly larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised seedlings from them, and again picked out the best seedlings and bred from them, then, to this plant. No doubt the strawberry had always varied since it was cultivated, but the slight varieties had been neglected. As soon, however, as gardeners picked out individual plants with slightly larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised seedlings from them, and again picked out the best seedlings and bred from them, then, to this plant. No doubt the strawberry had always varied since it was cultivated, but the slight varieties had been neglected. As soon, however, as gardeners picked out individual plants with slightly larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised seedlings from them, and again picked out the best seedlings and bred from them, then, to this plant. No doubt the strawberry had always varied since it was cultivated, but the slight varieties had been neglected. As soon, however, as gardeners picked out individual plants with slightly larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised seedlings from them, and again picked out the best seedlings and bred from them, then, to this plant. No doubt the strawberry had always varied since it was cultivated, but the slight varieties had been neglected. As soon, however, as gardeners picked out individual plants with slightly larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised seedlings from them, and again picked out the best seedlings and bred from them, then
there there there there there (with some aid by crossing distinct species) those many admirable varieties of the strawberry were raised which have
appeared appeared appeared appeared appeared appeared
(aided by some crossing with distinct species) those many admirable varieties of the strawberry which have been raised (aided by some crossing with distinct species) those many admirable varieties of the strawberry which have been raised (aided by some crossing with distinct species) those many admirable varieties of the strawberry which have been raised (aided by some crossing with distinct species) those many admirable varieties of the strawberry which have been raised (aided by some crossing with distinct species) those many admirable varieties of the strawberry which have been raised –
during the last during the last during the last during the last during the last during the last
thirty or forty years. thirty or forty years. thirty or forty years. thirty or forty years. thirty or forty years. half-century.

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In the case of animals with separate sexes, In the case of animals with separate sexes, In the case of animals with separate sexes, In the case of animals with separate sexes, In the case of animals with separate sexes, With animals,
facility in preventing crosses is an important element facility in preventing crosses is an important element facility in preventing crosses is an important element facility in preventing crosses is an important element facility in preventing crosses is an important element facility in preventing crosses is an important element
of success of success of success of success of success –
in the formation of new races, — at least, in a country which is already stocked with other races. In this respect enclosure of the land plays a part. Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open plains rarely possess more than one breed of the same species. Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a great convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may be in the formation of new races, — at least, in a country which is already stocked with other races. In this respect enclosure of the land plays a part. Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open plains rarely possess more than one breed of the same species. Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a great convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may be in the formation of new races, — at least, in a country which is already stocked with other races. In this respect enclosure of the land plays a part. Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open plains rarely possess more than one breed of the same species. Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a great convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may be in the formation of new races, — at least, in a country which is already stocked with other races. In this respect enclosure of the land plays a part. Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open plains rarely possess more than one breed of the same species. Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a great convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may be in the formation of new races, — at least, in a country which is already stocked with other races. In this respect enclosure of the land plays a part. Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open plains rarely possess more than one breed of the same species. Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a great convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may be in the formation of new races, — at least, in a country which is already stocked with other races. In this respect enclosure of the land plays a part. Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open plains rarely possess more than one breed of the same species. Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a great convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may be
– – improved and improved and improved and improved and
kept true, though mingled in the same aviary; and this circumstance must have largely favoured the kept true, though mingled in the same aviary; and this circumstance must have largely favoured the kept true, though mingled in the same aviary; and this circumstance must have largely favoured the kept true, though mingled in the same aviary; and this circumstance must have largely favoured the kept true, though mingled in the same aviary; and this circumstance must have largely favoured the kept true, though mingled in the same aviary; and this circumstance must have largely favoured the
improvement and improvement and – – – –
formation of new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate, and inferior birds may be freely rejected, as when killed they serve for food. On the other hand, cats, from their nocturnal rambling habits, cannot be formation of new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate, and inferior birds may be freely rejected, as when killed they serve for food. On the other hand, cats, from their nocturnal rambling habits, cannot be formation of new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate, and inferior birds may be freely rejected, as when killed they serve for food. On the other hand, cats, from their nocturnal rambling habits, cannot be formation of new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate, and inferior birds may be freely rejected, as when killed they serve for food. On the other hand, cats, from their nocturnal rambling habits, cannot be formation of new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate, and inferior birds may be freely rejected, as when killed they serve for food. On the other hand, cats, from their nocturnal rambling habits, cannot be formation of new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate, and inferior birds may be freely rejected, as when killed they serve for food. On the other hand, cats, from their nocturnal rambling habits, cannot be
– – easily easily easily easily
matched, and, although so much valued by women and children, we matched, and, although so much valued by women and children, we matched, and, although so much valued by women and children, we matched, and, although so much valued by women and children, we matched, and, although so much valued by women and children, we matched, and, although so much valued by women and children, we
hardly ever hardly ever hardly ever hardly ever hardly ever rarely
see a distinct breed see a distinct breed see a distinct breed see a distinct breed see a distinct breed see a distinct breed
– – – – – long
kept up; such breeds as we do sometimes see are almost always imported from some other country, kept up; such breeds as we do sometimes see are almost always imported from some other country, kept up; such breeds as we do sometimes see are almost always imported from some other country. kept up; such breeds as we do sometimes see are almost always imported from some other country. kept up; such breeds as we do sometimes see are almost always imported from some other country. kept up; such breeds as we do sometimes see are almost always imported from some other country.
often from islands. often from islands. – – – –
Although I do not doubt that some domestic animals vary less than others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey, peacock, goose, &c., may be attributed in main part to selection not having been brought into play: in cats, from the difficulty in pairing them; in donkeys, from only a few being kept by poor people, and little attention paid to their breeding; Although I do not doubt that some domestic animals vary less than others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey, peacock, goose, &c., may be attributed in main part to selection not having been brought into play: in cats, from the difficulty in pairing them; in donkeys, from only a few being kept by poor people, and little attention paid to their breeding; Although I do not doubt that some domestic animals vary less than others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey, peacock, goose, &c., may be attributed in main part to selection not having been brought into play: in cats, from the difficulty in pairing them: in donkeys, from only a few being kept by poor people, and little attention paid to their breeding; Although I do not doubt that some domestic animals vary less than others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey, peacock, goose, &c., may be attributed in main part to selection not having been brought into play: in cats, from the difficulty in pairing them: in donkeys, from only a few being kept by poor people, and little attention paid to their breeding; Although I do not doubt that some domestic animals vary less than others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey, peacock, goose, &c., may be attributed in main part to selection not having been brought into play: in cats, from the difficulty in pairing them; in donkeys, from only a few being kept by poor people, and little attention paid to their breeding; Although I do not doubt that some domestic animals vary less than others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey, peacock, goose, &c., may be attributed in main part to selection not having been brought into play: in cats, from the difficulty in pairing them; in donkeys, from only a few being kept by poor people, and little attention paid to their breeding;
– – for recently in certain parts of Spain and of the United States this animal has been surprisingly modified and improved by careful selection: for recently in certain parts of Spain and of the United States this animal has been surprisingly modified and improved by careful selection: for recently in certain parts of Spain and of the United States this animal has been surprisingly modified and improved by careful selection: for recently in certain parts of Spain and of the United States this animal has been surprisingly modified and improved by careful selection;
in peacocks, from not being very easily reared and a large stock not kept; in geese, from being valuable only for two purposes, food and feathers, and more especially from no pleasure having been felt in the display of distinct breeds. in peacocks, from not being very easily reared and a large stock not kept; in geese, from being valuable only for two purposes, food and feathers, and more especially from no pleasure having been felt in the display of distinct breeds. in peacocks, from not being very easily reared and a large stock not kept: in geese, from being valuable only for two purposes, food and feathers, and more especially from no pleasure having been felt in the display of distinct breeds; in peacocks, from not being very easily reared and a large stock not kept: in geese, from being valuable only for two purposes, food and feathers, and more especially from no pleasure having been felt in the display of distinct breeds; in peacocks, from not being very easily reared and a large stock not kept: in geese, from being valuable only for two purposes, food and feathers, and more especially from no pleasure having been felt in the display of distinct breeds; in peacocks, from not being very easily reared and a large stock not kept; in geese, from being valuable only for two purposes, food and feathers, and more especially from no pleasure having been felt in the display of distinct breeds;
– – but the goose but the goose but the goose but the goose,
– – – – – under the conditions to which it is exposed when domesticated,
– – seems to have a singularly inflexible organisation. seems to have a singularly inflexible organisation. seems to have a singularly inflexible organisation. seems to have a singularly inflexible organisation,
– – – – – though it has varied to a slight extent, as I have elsewhere described.

46.

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Some authors have maintained that the amount of variation in our domestic productions is soon reached, and can never afterwards be exceeded. It would be somewhat rash to assert that the limit has been attained in any one case; for almost all our animals and plants have been greatly improved in many ways within a recent period; and this implies variation. It would be equally rash to assert that characters now increased to their utmost limit, could not, after remaining fixed for many centuries, again vary under new conditions of life. No doubt, as Mr. Wallace has remarked with much truth, a limit will be at last reached. For instance there must be a limit to the fleetness of any terrestrial animal, as this will be determined by the friction to be overcome, the weight of body to be carried, and the power of contraction in the muscular fibres. But what concerns us is that the domestic varieties of the same species differ from each other in almost every character, which man has attended to and selected, more than do the distinct species of the same genera. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire has proved this in regard to size, and so it is with colour and probably with the length of hair. With respect to fleetness, which depends on many bodily Some authors have maintained that the amount of variation in our domestic productions is soon reached, and can never afterwards be exceeded. It would be somewhat rash to assert that the limit has been attained in any one case; for almost all our animals and plants have been greatly improved in many ways within a recent period; and this implies variation. It would be equally rash to assert that characters now increased to their utmost limit, could not, after remaining fixed for many centuries, again vary under new conditions of life. No doubt, as Mr. Wallace has remarked with much truth, a limit will be at last reached. For instance, there must be a limit to the fleetness of any terrestrial animal, as this will be determined by the friction to be overcome, the weight of body to be carried, and the power of contraction in the muscular fibres. But what concerns us is that the domestic varieties of the same species differ from each other in almost every character, which man has attended to and selected, more than do the distinct species of the same genera. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire has proved this in regard to size, and so it is with colour and probably with the length of hair. With respect to fleetness, which depends on many bodily
characteristics, characters,
Eclipse was far fleeter, and a dray-horse is incomparably stronger than any two Eclipse was far fleeter, and a dray-horse is incomparably stronger than any two
equine natural
species. species
– belonging to the same genus.
So with plants, the seeds of the different varieties of the bean or maize So with plants, the seeds of the different varieties of the bean or maize
differ more in size, than do the seeds of the distinct species in any one genus of probably differ more in size, than do the seeds of the distinct species in any one genus in
the same two families. The same remark holds good in regard to the fruit of the several varieties of the plum, and still more the same two families. The same remark holds good in regard to the fruit of the several varieties of the plum, and still more
so strongly
with the melon, as well as in with the melon, as well as in
endless many
other analogous cases. other analogous cases.

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To sum up on the origin of our Domestic Races of animals and plants. To sum up on the origin of our Domestic Races of animals and plants. To sum up on the origin of our domestic races of animals and plants. To sum up on the origin of our domestic races of animals and plants. To sum up on the origin of our domestic races of animals and plants. To sum up on the origin of our domestic races of animals and plants.
I believe that the conditions of life, from their action on the reproductive system, are so far of I believe that the conditions of life, from their action on the reproductive system, are so far of I believe that the conditions of life, from their action on the reproductive system, are so far of I believe that the conditions of life, from their action on the reproductive system, are so far of Changed conditions of life are of Changed conditions of life are of
– – – life, their action on the reproductive system, are so far – –
the highest importance the highest importance the highest importance the highest importance the highest importance the highest importance
as as as as in in
causing variability. causing variability. causing variability. causing variability. causing variability, causing variability,
I do not believe I do not believe – – both both by acting
– – – – directly directly
– – – – by acting –
– – – – on the organisation, and indirectly by affecting the reproductive system. on the organisation, and indirectly by affecting the reproductive system.
– – It is not probable It is not probable It is not probable It is not probable
that variability is an inherent and necessary that variability is an inherent and necessary that variability is an inherent and necessary that variability is an inherent and necessary that variability is an inherent and necessary that variability is an inherent and necessary
contingency, contingency, contingency, contingency, contingent, contingent,
under all circumstances, under all circumstances, under all circumstances, under all circumstances, under all circumstances. under all circumstances.
with all organic beings, as some authors have thought. The effects of variability are modified by various degrees with all organic beings, as some authors have thought. The effects of variability are modified by various degrees with all organic beings, as some authors have thought. The effects of variability are modified by various degrees with all organic beings, as some authors have thought. The effects of variability are modified by various degrees The greater or less force The greater or less force
of inheritance and of inheritance and of inheritance and of inheritance and of inheritance and of inheritance and
of of of of – –
reversion. reversion. reversion. reversion. reversion reversion
– – – – determine whether variations shall endure. determine whether variations shall endure.
Variability is governed by many unknown laws, Variability is governed by many unknown laws, Variability is governed by many unknown laws, Variability is governed by many unknown laws, Variability is governed by many unknown laws, Variability is governed by many unknown laws,
more especially by that of correlation more especially by that of correlation more especially by that of correlation more especially by that of correlation more especially by that of correlation. of which correlated
of of of of Some- thing may be attributed to the definite action of the conditions of life, –
growth. growth. growth. growth. – growth
Something may be attributed to the direct action of the conditions of life. Something may be attributed to the direct action of the conditions of life. Something may be attributed to the direct action of the conditions of life. Something may be attributed to the direct action of the conditions of life. – is probably the most important. Something,
– – – – but how much we do not know. but how much we do not know,
Something must be attributed to use and disuse. The final result is thus rendered infinitely complex. In some cases, Something must be attributed to use and disuse. The final result is thus rendered infinitely complex. In some cases, Something must be attributed to use and disuse. The final result is thus rendered infinitely complex. In some cases Something must be attributed to use and disuse. The final result is thus rendered infinitely complex. In some cases Something must be attributed to use and disuse. The final result is thus rendered infinitely complex. In some cases may be attributed to the definite action of the conditions of life. Some, perhaps a great, effect may be attributed to the increased use or disuse of parts. The final result is thus rendered infinitely complex. In some cases the intercrossing of aboriginally distinct species appears to have
I do not doubt that I do not doubt that – – the intercrossing of –
the intercrossing of species, the intercrossing of species, the intercrossing of species, the intercrossing of species, – –
aboriginally distinct, aboriginally distinct, aboriginally distinct, aboriginally distinct, aboriginally distinct –
– – – – species, –
has has has has has –
– – probably probably probably –
played an important part in the origin of our played an important part in the origin of our played an important part in the origin of our played an important part in the origin of our played an important part in the origin of our played an important part in the origin of our
domestic domestic domestic domestic domestic –
productions. productions. breeds. breeds. breeds. breeds.
When When When When When When
in any country several domestic breeds have once been established, in any country several domestic breeds have once been established, in any country several domestic breeds have once been established, in any country several domestic breeds have once been established, several breeds have once been formed in any country, several breeds have once been formed in any country,
their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in
the formation of the formation of the formation of the formation of forming the formation of
new sub-breeds; but the importance of new sub-breeds; but the importance of new sub-breeds; but the importance of new sub-breeds; but the importance of new sub-breeds; but the importance of new sub-breeds; but the importance of
the crossing of varieties the crossing of varieties the crossing of varieties the crossing of varieties crossing crossing
has, has, has has has has
I believe, I believe, – – – –
been been been been been been
greatly greatly greatly greatly much much
exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed. exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed. exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed. exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed. exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed. exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed.
In In In In With With
plants which are temporarily propagated by cuttings, buds, &c., the importance of plants which are temporarily propagated by cuttings, buds, &c., the importance of plants which are temporarily propagated by cuttings, buds, &c., the importance of plants which are temporarily propagated by cuttings, buds, &c., the importance of plants which are temporarily propagated by cuttings, buds, &c., the importance of plants which are temporarily propagated by cuttings, buds, &c., the importance of
the crossing both of distinct species and of varieties the crossing both of distinct species and of varieties the crossing both of distinct species and of varieties the crossing both of distinct species and of varieties crossing crossing
is immense; for the cultivator is immense; for the cultivator is immense; for the cultivator is immense; for the cultivator is immense; for the cultivator is immense; for the cultivator
– – – – may may
here here here here here here
quite disregards quite disregards quite disregards quite disregards disregard disregard
the extreme variability both of hybrids and the extreme variability both of hybrids and the extreme variability both of hybrids and the extreme variability both of hybrids and the extreme variability both of hybrids and the extreme variability both of hybrids and
– – – – of of
mongrels, and the mongrels, and the mongrels, and the mongrels, and the mongrels, and the mongrels, and the
frequent frequent frequent frequent frequent –
sterility of hybrids; but sterility of hybrids; but sterility of hybrids; but sterility of hybrids; but sterility of hybrids; but sterility of hybrids; but
the cases of the cases of the cases of the cases of – –
plants not propagated by seed are of little importance to us, for their endurance is only temporary. Over all these causes of Change plants not propagated by seed are of little importance to us, for their endurance is only temporary. Over all these causes of Change plants not propagated by seed are of little importance to us, for their endurance is only temporary. Over all these causes of Change plants not propagated by seed are of little importance to us, for their endurance is only temporary. Over all these causes of Change plants not propagated by seed are of little importance to us, for their endurance is only temporary. Over all these causes of Change plants not propagated by seed are of little importance to us, for their endurance is only temporary. Over all these causes of Change,
I am convinced that I am convinced that I am convinced that I am convinced that – –
the accumulative action of Selection, whether applied methodically and the accumulative action of Selection, whether applied methodically and the accumulative action of Selection, whether applied methodically and the accumulative action of Selection, whether applied methodically and the accumulative action of Selection, whether applied methodically and the accumulative action of Selection, whether applied methodically and
more more more more – –
quickly, or unconsciously and quickly, or unconsciously and quickly, or unconsciously and quickly, or unconsciously and quickly, or unconsciously and quickly, or unconsciously and
more more more more – –
slowly, but more efficiently, slowly, but more efficiently, slowly, but more efficiently, slowly, but more efficiently, slowly, but more efficiently, slowly but more efficiently,
is by far is by far is by far is by far is by far seems to have been
the predominant Power. the predominant Power. the predominant Power. the predominant Power. the predominant Power. the predominant Power.